Structure and Evolutionary History of the Solar System

I. General Principles and Observational Facts.- 1. Introduction and Survey.- 1.1. Structure of the Solar System.- 1.2. The Approach to the Evolutionary History.- 1.3. Planetary System and Satellite Systems.- 1.4. Infrared Stars.- 1.5. Plasma Phenomena.- 1.6. The Actualistic Approach.- 1.7. The Main Features of Evolutionary Processes.- 1.8. Planetary Cosmogonies.- 2. The Orbits of Planets and Satellites.- 2.1. Different Presentations of Celestial Mechanics.- 2.2. Circular Orbits.- 2.3. Oscillation.- 2.4. Coulomb Force.- 2.5. Large Eccentricity.- 2.6. Motion in the Field of a Rotating Central Body.- 2.7. Planetary Motion Perturbed by Other Planets.- 2.8. Orbital Properties of Planets and Satellites.- 2.9. Physical Properties of Planets and Satellites.- 2.10. Other Quantities of Hetegonic Importance.- 2.11. Mass Distribution in the Solar System.- 2.12. Laplacian Model vs Real Conditions.- 2.13. Titius-Bode’s ‘Law’.- 3. The Small Bodies.- 3.1. Forces Acting on Small Bodies.- 3.2. Production of Small Bodies: Fragmentation, Condensation and Accretion.- 3.3. Radiation Pressure. Poynting-Robertson Effect.- 3.4. Viscosity (Collisions).- 3.5. A Basic Mistake.- 3.6. Jet Streams.- 3.7. Collisions Between a Grain and a Jet Stream.- 3.8. Size Spectra.- 3.9. Three Simple Models.- 3.9.1. Non-Gravitational Accretion.- 3.9.2. Gravitational Accretion.- 3.9.3. Fragmentation.- 3.10. Asteroids.- 3.10.1. General Survey.- 3.11. Hirayama Families and Jet Streams.- 3.12. Subvisual Asteroids.- 3.13. Comets.- 3.14. Short-Period Comets.- 3.15. Meteoroids.- 3.16. Relation Between Comets and Meteoroids.- 3.17. Relation Between Asteroids and Comets-Meteoroids.- 4. Resonance Structure.- 4.1. Resonance and the Oscillation of a Pendulum.- 4.2. A Simple Resonance Model.- 4.3. Deviations from Exact Resonance.- 4.4. Resonances in the Solar System.- 4.5. Different Types of Resonances.- 4.6. Orbit-Orbit Resonances in Satellite Systems.- 4.7. On the Absence of Resonance Effects in the Saturnian Ring System.- 4.8. Orbit-Orbit Resonances in the Planetary System.- 4.9. Spin-Orbit Resonances.- 4.10. Near-Commensurabilities.- 4.11. Theory of Resonances.- 5. Spin and Tides.- 5.1. Tides.- 5.2. Amplitude of Tides.- 5.3. Tidal Braking.- 5.3.1. Fluid Body.- 5.3.2. Solid Body.- 5.3.3. Structured Bodies.- 5.4. Satellite Braking of Planetary Spins.- 5.5. Solar Tide Braking of Planetary Spin.- 5.6. Tidal Evolution of Satellite Orbits.- 5.7. The Isochronism of Spins.- 5.8. Conclusions from the Isochronism.- 6. Post-Accretional Changes in the Solar System.- 6.1. Stability of Orbits.- 6.2. Constancy of Spin.- 6.3. On the Possibility of Reconstructing the Hetegonic Processes.- References.- II. Accretion of Celestial Bodies.- 7. Formation of Celestial Bodies.- 7.1. Gravitational Contraction of a Gas Cloud.- 7.2. Condensation and Angular Momentum.- 7.3. The Early Stage of Accretion (Embryonic Growth).- 7.4. Objections to the Embryonic Accretion Mechanism.- 7.5. Accretion of Resonance Captured Grains.- 7.6. Properties Required of the Accretional Process.- 7.7. The Eccentricity of the Grain Orbits.- 7.8. Comparison with the Present State in the Asteroidal Belt.- 8. Spin and Accretion.- 8.1. Grain Impact and Spin.- 8.2. Accretion from Circular Orbits by a Non-Gravitational Embryo.- 8.3. Gravitational Accretion.- 8.4. Giuli’s Theory of Accretion.- 8.5. Statistical Theory of the Accretion.- 9. On the Accretion of Planets and Satellites.- 9.1. Embryonic Accretion.- 9.2. Jet Stream as an Intermediate Step in the Formation of Planets and Satellites.- 9.3. Accretion of an Embryo.- 9.4. Accretion in a Medium of Constant Density.- 9.5 Mass Balance of the Jet Stream.- 9.6. Energy Balance in a Jet Stream.- 9.7. Accretion when the Injection in the Jet Stream is Constant.- 9.8. Numerical Values.- 9.9. Temperature of Accreted Body.- 9.10. Conclusions About the Temperature Structure of Planets.- 9.11. The Accretional Heat Front.- 9.12. Segregation Effect of the Accretional Heat Front.- References.- III. The Plasma Phase.- 10. Plasma Physics and Hetegony.- 10.1. Summary of Parts I and II and Plan for Parts III and IV.- 10.2. Relation Between Experimental and Theoretical Plasma Physics.- 10.3. The First and Second Approach to Cosmic Plasma Physics.- 10.3.1. General Considerations.- 10.3.2. Ionized Gas vs Plasma.- 10.3.3. Some Laboratory Results Relevant to Cosmic Physics.- 10.4. The Strategy of the Analysis of Hetegonic Plasmas.- 10.5. Required Properties of a Model.- 10.6. Some Existing Theories.- 11. Model of the Hetegonic Plasma.- 11.1. Magnetized Central Body.- 11.2. Angular Momentum.- 11.3. The Transfer of Angular Momentum.- 11.3.1. A Simplified Model.- 11.3.2. Discussion of the Model.- 11.4. The Support of the Primordial Cloud.- 11.5. The Plasma as a Transient State.- 11.6. Conclusions About the Model.- 11.7. The Hetegonic ‘Nebula’.- 11.8. Irradiation Effects.- 11.9. The Model and the Hetegonic Principle.- 12. Transfer of Angular Momentum and Condensation of Grains.- 12.1. Ferraro Isorotation and Partial Corotation.- 12.2. Orbital Motion of Plasma Under the Action of Gravitation and Centrifugal Force.- 12.3. Partial Corotation of Magnetic Plasma.- 12.4. Discussion.- 12.5. Condensation of the Plasma: The Two-Thirds Law.- 12.6. Energy Release at the Angular Momentum Transfer.- 13. Accretion of the Condensation Products.- 13.1. Survey.- 13.2. Evolution of Orbits Due to Collisions.- 13.3. The Roche Limit.- 13.4. Model of Orbit Development.- 13.5. Accretion Inside RM.- 13.6. Structure of the Saturnian Rings.- 13.6.1. The Resonance Theory of the Ring Structure.- 13.6.2. Can the Structure of the Saturnian Rings be of Hetegonic Origin ?.- 13.6.3. Hetegonic Theory of the Saturnian Rings.- 13.6.4. Theory of Cassini’s Division.- 13.6.5. Theory of the Limit Between the B and C Rings.- 13.6.6. Discussion.- 13.6.7. The Discovery of Janus.- 13.7. Accretion Outside RM.- 13.8. Formation of the Asteroid Belt.- 13.9. Conclusions About Partial Corotation.- 13.10. Satellite and Planet Formation.- 13.10.1. The Groups.- 13.11. The Accretion of Volatile Substances.- References.- IV. Chemical Differentiation. The Matrix of the Groups of Bodies.- 14. Chemical Compositions in the Solar System.- 14.1. Survey.- 14.2. Sources of Information About Chemical Composition.- 14.2.1. Surface Layers and Atmospheres.- 14.2.2. Bulk Composition.- 14.3. Chemical Differentiation Before and After the Accretion of Bodies in the Solar System.- 14.4. Unknown States of Matter.- 14.4.1. Matter at High Pressure.- 14.4.2. Grain Aggregates.- 14.5. The Composition of Planets and Satellites.- 14.5.1. Earth.- 14.5.2. Mercury.- 14.5.3. Venus.- 14.5.4. Moon and Mars.- 14.5.5. Asteroids.- 14.5.6. Jupiter and Saturn.- 14.5.7. Uranus and Neptune.- 14.5.8. Triton.- 14.5.9. Pluto.- 14.5.10. Bulk Density in Relation to Planetary Mass.- 14.5.11. Composition of Satellites.- 14.6. Composition of the Sun.- 14.6.1. Spectrometric Analysis.- 14.6.2. Analysis of Corpuscular Radiation from the Sun.- 14.6.3. Significance of Solar Abundance Data.- 14.7. Regularity of Bulk Densities in the Solar System.- 14.7.1. Density as a Function of Potential Energy.- 14.7.2. Chemical Meaning of Bulk Densities.- 14.7.3. Density as Influenced by Solar Radiation.- 14.7.4. Theoretical Implications of Bulk Densities in the Solar System.- 15. Meteorites and Their Precursor States.- 15.1. Interpretation of Meteorite Data.- 15.2. Jet Streams as Meteorite Factories.- 15.3. Characteristics of the Compositional Information from Meteorites, Meteoroids and Comets.- 15.4. Upper Size Limits to Meteorite Predecessor Bodies.- 15.5. Predecessor States of Meteorite Parent Bodies.- 15.6. Properties of Jet Streams Inferred from Meteorite Data.- 15.7. Cohesion Forces in Accreting Embryos and the Record of Mobile Particles and Aggregates in Meteorites.- 15.7.1. Cohesion by Electrostatic Bonding and Vapor Deposition.- 15.7.2. Cohesion Due to Magnetic Forces.- 15.7.3. Data from Meteorites.- 15.7.3.1. Particle Track Records in Meteorites.- 15.7.3.2. Conclusions from Particle Track Data.- 15.8. Evolutionary Sequence of Predecessor States of Meteorites.- 15.9. Age Relationships in the Evolution of Meteorite Parent Jet Streams (Asteroidal and Cometary Streams).- 15.9.1. Closure of Chemical Reservoirs with Regard to Gain or Loss of Elements, Unperturbed by Subsequent Heating Events.- 15.9.2. Crystallization Ages.- 15.9.3. Gas Retention Ages.- 15.9.4. Degassing Ages.- 15.9.5. Cosmic Ray Exposure Ages.- 15.10. Concluding Remarks.- 16. Mass Distribution and the Critical Velocity.- 16.1. Mass Distribution in the Solar System.- 16.1.1. Inadequacy of the Homogeneous Disc Theory.- 16.1.2. Origin and Emplacement of Mass.- 16.1.3. Infall of Matter.- 16.2. The Bands of Secondary Bodies as a Function of Gravitational Potential Energy.- 16.3. Comparative Study of the Groups of Secondary Bodies.- 16.4. Theoretical Background for the Band Formation.- 16.5. Attempts to Interpret the Band Structure.- 16.6. Three Objections.- 16.7. Search for a ‘Critical’ Velocity.- 16.8. Experiments on Critical Velocity.- 16.8.1. Homopolar Experiments.- 16.8.2. Plasma Beam Hitting Neutral Gas Cloud.- 16.8.3. Other Experiments.- 16.8.4. Conclusions.- 16.8.5. Possible Space Experiments.- 16.9. Theory of the Critical Velocity.- 16.10. Conclusions About the Critical Velocity.- 16.11. Chemical Composition of Infalling Gas.- 16.11.1. The Basic Model.- 16.11.2. The A, B, C and D Clouds in the Solar System.- 16.11.3. Refinement of the Basic Model.- 16.11.4. Effect of Interstellar Molecules.- 16.12. The Chemical Composition of the Solar System and Inhomogeneous Plasma Emplacement.- 16.12.1. A Model of Band Formation.- 16.12.2. Conclusions About the Chemical Composition of Celestial Bodies.- 16.13. Modification of Critical Velocity Ionization Distance Due to Interaction with a Partially Corotating Plasma.- 17. The Structure of the Groups.- 17.1 Ionization During the Emplacement of Plasma.- 17.2. Complete Ionization.- 17.3. Partial Ionization.- 17.4. Change of Spin at the Formation of Secondary Bodies.- 17.5. Observational Values of ?ion/T.- 17.6. Mass Distribution as a Function of ?ion/T.- 17.7. Discussion of the Structure of the Groups.- 17.8. Complete List of ?ion/T for All Bodies.- 17.9. Completeness.- 17.9.1. Note on the Inner Limit of a Satellite System.- 17.9.2. Tilt of the Bands in the Gravitational Potential Energy Diagram.- 17.10. Conclusions About the Model of Plasma Emplacement.- References.- Summary and Conclusions.- Index of Subjects.