SECTION 1: HEART, ENDOMYOCARDIAL BIOPSY<br>CONGENITAL/GENETIC<br>4 Endocardial Fibroelastosis Syndrome<br>Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br>6 Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD, Jagdish Butany, MBBS, MS, FRCPC, and Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br>12 Fatty Acid Metabolic Disorders<br>Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br>14 Mitochondrial Myopathies<br>Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br>18 Muscular Dystrophies<br>Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br>22 Glycogen Storage Diseases<br>Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br>24 Fabry Disease, Heart<br>Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br>28 LAMP2 Mutation (Danon Disease)<br>Jagdish Butany, MBBS, MS, FRCPC, Amar Ibrahim, MB, ChB, MSc, and Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br><br>ACQUIRED<br>30 Amyloid Deposition, Heart<br>Elizabeth H. Hammond, MD and Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br>38 Hemochromatosis, Heart<br>Philippe Romeo, MD and Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br>40 Anthracycline Cardiotoxicity<br>Brandon T. Larsen, MD, PhD and Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br>42 Catecholamine Cardiomyopathy<br>Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br>44 Cocaine Cardiotoxicity<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD and Brian J. Hall, MD<br>46 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Toxicity<br>Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD and Dylan V. Miller, MD<br><br>INFLAMMATORY<br>50 Lymphocytic Myocarditis<br>Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br>54 Giant Cell Myocarditis<br>Brandon T. Larsen, MD, PhD and Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br>56 Eosinophilic (Löffler) Myocarditis<br>Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br>60 Sarcoidosis, Heart<br>Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br>62 Acute Rheumatic Carditis<br>Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br>66 Eosinophilic Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis<br>Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br>68 Viral Myocarditis<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD, Brian J. Hall, MD, and Nikhil Sangle, MD, FRCPath<br>70 Toxoplasmosis, Heart<br>Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br>72 Chagas Disease, Heart<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD and Brian J. Hall, MD<br>76 Lyme Disease and Rickettsial Myocarditis<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD and Brian J. Hall, MD<br>80 SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)-Related Cardiovascular Disease<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD and Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br>84 Lupus Erythematosus, Heart<br>Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br><br>TRANSPLANT REJECTION<br>90 Acute Cellular Transplant Rejection, Heart<br>Elizabeth H. Hammond, MD and Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br>96 Antibody-Mediated Transplant Rejection, Heart<br>Elizabeth H. Hammond, MD and Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br>102 Quilty Lesions<br>Billie Fyfe, MD and Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br>106 Previous Biopsy Sites, Heart Transplant<br>Billie Fyfe, MD and Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br>108 Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder, Heart<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD, Brian J. Hall, MD, and Nikhil Sangle, MD, FRCPath<br>110 Harvesting Injury/Acute Ischemia, Heart<br>Billie Fyfe, MD and Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br><br>SECTION 2: HEART, RESECTION<br>HEART EXPLANT<br>116 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy<br>Vidhya Nair, MBBS, MD, FRCPC and Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br>122 Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD<br>126 Ischemic Heart Disease<br>Vidhya Nair, MBBS, MD, FRCPC and Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br>130 Overview of Coronary Artery Stents<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD<br>134 Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy<br>Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br>140 Radiation Injury, Heart<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD and Philippe Romeo, MD<br>142 Cardiac Conduction System Disease<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD<br>150 Ventricular Assist Devices<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD<br>156 Approach to Cardiomyopathy (Worksheet)<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD<br>158 Approach to Cardiomyopathy Diagnosis<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD<br><br>SECTION 3: HEART, TUMORS<br>BENIGN<br>166 Cardiac Myxoma<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD and Joseph J. Maleszewski, MD<br>172 Papillary Fibroelastoma<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD and Joseph J. Maleszewski, MD<br>176 Cardiac Rhabdomyoma<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD and Joseph J. Maleszewski, MD<br>180 Cardiac Fibroma<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD and Joseph J. Maleszewski, MD<br>184 Ectopic Tissues, Heart<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD and Joseph J. Maleszewski, MD<br>186 Lipomatous Hypertrophy of Atrial Septum<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD and Billie Fyfe, MD<br><br>MALIGNANT<br>188 Cardiac Lymphoma<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD, Brian J. Hall, MD, and Nikhil Sangle, MD, FRCPath<br>190 Cardiac Angiosarcoma<br>Joseph J. Maleszewski, MD and Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br>194 Cardiac Sarcoma, Other<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD and Joseph J. Maleszewski, MD<br>198 Cardiac Metastases<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD and Jagdish Butany, MBBS, MS, FRCPC<br><br>SECTION 4: CARDIAC VALVES, NATIVE<br>AORTIC<br>206 Unicommissural Aortic Valve<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD and Jagdish Butany, MBBS, MS, FRCPC<br>210 Bicuspid Aortic Valve<br>Jagdish Butany, MBBS, MS, FRCPC, Amar Ibrahim, MB, ChB, MSc, and Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br>214 Senile Calcific Aortic Stenosis<br>Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br>218 Discrete Membranous Subaortic Stenosis<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD<br><br>MITRAL<br>220 Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD and Philippe Romeo, MD<br>224 Rheumatic Heart Disease<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD and Philippe Romeo, MD<br><br>TRICUSPID<br>228 Carcinoid Heart Disease<br>Joseph J. Maleszewski, MD and Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br>232 Ebstein Anomaly<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD and Philippe Romeo, MD<br><br>PULMONARY<br>234 Congenital Pulmonary Stenosis<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD and Brian J. Hall, MD<br><br>ENDOCARDITIS<br>236 Endocarditis, Native Valve<br>Vidhya Nair, MBBS, MD, FRCPC and Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br>240 Nonbacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis<br>Vidhya Nair, MBBS, MD, FRCPC and Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br><br>SECTION 5: CARDIAC VALVES<br>PROSTHETIC<br>246 Leaflet Degeneration, Prosthetic Valves<br>Jagdish Butany, MBBS, MS, FRCPC and Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br>250 Thrombosis of Prosthetic Valves<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD, Jagdish Butany, MBBS, MS, FRCPC, and Amar Ibrahim, MB, ChB, MSc<br>252 Endocarditis, Prosthetic Valve<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD and Jagdish Butany, MBBS, MS, FRCPC<br>258 Mechanical Heart Valve Prostheses: Modes of Failure<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD, Jagdish Butany, MBBS, MS, FRCPC, and Amar Ibrahim, MB, ChB, MSc<br>260 Catheter-Deployed Valve Therapies<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD and Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br><br>SECTION 6: PERICARDIUM<br>INFLAMMATORY<br>268 Acute Pericarditis<br>Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br>272 Constrictive Pericarditis<br>Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br>274 Tuberculous Pericarditis<br>Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br><br>TUMORS<br>276 Lymphoma, Pericardium<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD<br>278 Metastatic Tumor, Pericardium<br>Billie Fyfe, MD and Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br>282 Mesothelioma, Pericardium<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD and Joseph J. Maleszewski, MD<br>286 Mesothelial/Monocytic Incidental Cardiac Excrescence<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD<br><br>SECTION 7: VASCULAR DISEASE<br>ENDARTERECTOMY/ATHERECTOMY/THROMBECTOMY<br>290 Overview of Peripheral Vascular Specimens<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD and Billie Fyfe, MD<br>296 Thromboembolus, Vascular<br>Billie Fyfe, MD and Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br><br>THORACIC AORTA<br>300 Aortic Degenerative Diseases<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD and Brandon T. Larsen, MD, PhD<br>308 Genetic Diseases of the Aorta<br>Joseph J. Maleszewski, MD and Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br>312 Noninfectious Aortitis<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD<br>316 Takayasu Arteritis<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD<br>320 Aortic Dissection<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD and Billie Fyfe, MD<br>324 Aortic Coarctation<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD and Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br><br>ABDOMINAL AORTA<br>328 Aortic Atherosclerosis and Complications<br>Billie Fyfe, MD and Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br>334 Chronic Periaortitis and IgG4-Related Disease<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD<br>336 Mycotic Aneurysm<br>Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br><br>CORONARY ARTERIES<br>340 Atherosclerosis, Coronary<br>Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br>344 Coronary Artery Dissection<br>Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br>348 Kawasaki Disease<br>Vidhya Nair, MBBS, MD, FRCPC and Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br>352 Coronary Artery Emboli<br>Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br><br>TEMPORAL ARTERIES<br>354 Giant Cell/Temporal Arteritis<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD and Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br><br>PERIPHERAL VESSELS<br>358 Buerger Disease (Thromboangiitis Obliterans)<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD and Jagdish Butany, MBBS, MS, FRCPC<br>362 Fibromuscular Dysplasia<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD and A. Brad Farris, III, MD<br>368 Segmental Arterial Mediolysis<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD<br>370 Mönckeberg Medial Calcific Sclerosis<br>Brandon T. Larsen, MD, PhD and Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br>372 Behçet Disease<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD and Brandon T. Larsen, MD, PhD<br>376 Infectious Vasculitis<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD and Brandon T. Larsen, MD, PhD<br>382 Lymphocytic Venulitis<br>Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br>384 Varicosities<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD and Billie Fyfe, MD<br>386 Hypertensive Renovascular Diseases<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD, A. Brad Farris, III, MD, and Brandon T. Larsen, MD, PhD<br><br>VASCULAR TISSUE GRAFTS<br>390 Vascular Graft Pseudoaneurysm<br>Jagdish Butany, MBBS, MS, FRCPC, Pooja Gupta, MBBS, DNB, and Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br><br>SECTION 8: VASCULAR TUMORS<br>BENIGN<br>396 Hemangioma<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD and Brandon T. Larsen, MD, PhD<br>406 Angiomyolipoma<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD, Satish K. Tickoo, MD, and Victor E. Reuter, MD<br>410 Glomus Tumor<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD and Brandon T. Larsen, MD, PhD<br>418 Cystic Lymphangioma<br>Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD<br>420 Arteriovenous Malformations<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD<br><br>MALIGNANT<br>424 Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD and Brandon T. Larsen, MD, PhD<br>428 Kaposi Sarcoma<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD and Brandon T. Larsen, MD, PhD<br>434 Angiosarcoma<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD and Brandon T. Larsen, MD, PhD<br><br>SECTION 9: AUTOPSY<br>CARDIAC<br>442 Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD<br>446 Valve Replacement (Including Transcatheter)<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD and Brandon T. Larsen, MD, PhD<br>452 Infective Endocarditis<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD<br>458 Ventricular Assist Device Insertion<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD and Brandon T. Larsen, MD, PhD<br>462 Heart Transplant<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD<br><br>VASCULAR<br>468 Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm Repair<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD, Billie Fyfe, MD, and George P. Batsides, MD<br>474 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD and Billie Fyfe, MD<br>478 Cerebral Aneurysm and Vascular Malformation<br>Dylan V. Miller, MD and Roy H. Rhodes, MD, PhD