Literary Criticism

<p><strong>Foreword</strong></p> <p><strong>1 Defining Criticism, Theory, and Literature</strong></p> <p> Listening to a Conversation</p> <p> Eavesdropping on a Literature Classroom</p> <p> Can a Text Have More Than One Interpretation?</p> <p> How to Become a Literary Critic</p> <p> What is Literary Criticism?</p> <p> What is Literary Theory?</p> <p> Making Meaning from Text</p> <p> The Reading Process and Literary Theory</p> <p> What is Literature?</p> <p> Literature Theory and the Definition of Literature</p> <p> The Function of Literature and Literary Theory</p> <p> Beginning the Formal Study of Literature</p> <p><strong>2 A Historical Survey of Literary Theory</strong></p> <p> Plato (C. 427 – 347 B.C.E.)</p> <p> Aristotle (384-322 B.C.E)</p> <p> Horace (65-8 B.C.E.)</p> <p> Longinus (First Century C.E.)<br> Plotinus (204-270 C.E.)</p> <p> Dante Alighiere (1265-1321)</p> <p> Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375)</p> <p> Sir Philip Sydney ((1554-1586)</p> <p> John Dryden (1631-1700)</p> <p> Joseph Addison (1672-1719)</p> <p> Alexander Pope (1688-1744)</p> <p> William Wordsworth (1770-1850)</p> <p> Perce Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)</p> <p> Hippolyte Adolphe Taine (1828-1893)</p> <p> Matthew Arnold (18822-1888)</p> <p> Henry James (1843-1916)</p> <p> Mikhail Bakhtin (1895-175)</p> <p> Modern Literary Criticism</p> <p><strong>3 Russian Formalism and New Criticism</strong></p> <p> Russian Formalism</p> <p> Bridging the Gap Between Russian Formalism and New Criticism</p> <p> Applying Russian Formalism to a Literary Text</p> <p> New Criticism</p> <p> Historical Development</p> <p> Assumptions</p> <p> Methodology</p> <p> Questions for Analysis</p> <p> Critiques and Responses</p> <p> Critical Essay “The Formalists Critics, Cleanth Brooks</p> <p><strong>4 Reader-Oriented Criticism </strong></p> <p> Historical Development</p> <p> I.A. Richards</p> <p> Louise M. Rosenblatt</p> <p>Assumptions</p> <p> Methodology</p> <p> Structuralism</p> <p> Phenomenology</p> <p> Hans Robert Jauss</p> <p> Wolfgang Iser</p> <p> Subjective Criticism</p> <p> Norman Holland</p> <p> David Bleich</p> <p> A Two-Step Methodology</p> <p> Questions for Analysis</p> <p> Critiques and Responses</p> <p> Critical Essay: “The Case for Reader-Response Analysis,” Stanley Fish</p> <p><strong>5 Modernity and Postmodernism: Structuralism and Deconstruction </strong></p> <p> Modernity</p> <p> Poststructuralism and Postmodernism</p> <p> Modernity and Modernism</p> <p> Structuralism: Its Historical Development Pre-Sausseren Linguistics</p> <p> Saussure’s Linguistic Revolution</p> <p> The Structure of Language</p> <p> Langue and Parole</p> <p> Saussure’s Redefinition of a Word</p> <p> Assumptions of Structuralism</p> <p> Methodologies of Structuralism</p> <p> Claude Levi-Strauss</p> <p> Roland Barthes</p> <p> Vladimir Propp and Narratology</p> <p> Tvetan Todorov and Gerard Genette</p> <p> Jonathan Culler</p> <p> A Model of Interpretation</p> <p> From Structuralism to Poststructalism: Deconstruction</p> <p> Deconstruction: Its Historical Development</p> <p> Deconstruction: Its Beginnings</p> <p> Derrida’s Starting Place: Structuralism</p> <p> Derrida’s Interpretation of Saussure’s Sign</p> <p> Assumptions of Deconstruction Transcendental Signified</p> <p> Logocentrism</p> <p> Binary Oppositions</p> <p> Phonocentrism</p> <p> Metaphysics of Presence</p> <p> Methodology Acknowledging Binary Operations in Western Thought</p> <p> Arche-writing</p> <p> Supplementation</p> <p> Differance</p> <p> Deconstructive Suppositions for Textual Analysis</p> <p>Deconstructive: A New Reading Strategy</p> <p> American Deconstructionists</p> <p> Questions for Analysis</p> <p> Critiques and Responses</p> <p> Critical Essay “What Is Criticism?” Roland Barthes</p> <p> Critical Essay “Convention and Meaning” Jonathan Culler</p> <p><strong>6 Psychoanalytic Criticism </strong></p> <p> Historical Development</p> <p> Sigmund Freud</p> <p> Model of the Human Psyche: Dynamic Model</p> <p> Economic Model</p> <p> Typographical Models</p> <p> Freud’s Pre-Oedipal Development Phase</p> <p> The Oedipus, Castration, and Electra Complexes</p> <p> The Significance of Dreams</p> <p> Literature and Psychoanalysis</p> <p> Carl G. Jung</p> <p> Northrop Frye</p> <p> Jacques Lacan</p> <p> Lacan’s Model of the Human Psyche</p> <p> Lacan and Textual Analysis</p> <p> The Present State of Psychoanalytic Criticism</p> <p> Assumptions</p> <p> Methodologies</p> <p> Questions and Analysis</p> <p> Critiques and Responses</p> <p> Critical Essay: “On the Relation of Analytical Psychology to Poetry,” C.G. Jung</p> <p><strong>7 Feminism </strong></p> <p> Historical Development</p> <p> Virginia Woolf</p> <p> Simone de Beauvoir</p> <p> Kate Millet</p> <p> Feminism in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s</p> <p> Elaine Showalter</p> <p> Geographical Strains of Feminism</p> <p> American</p> <p> French</p> <p> Present-day Feminist Criticisms</p> <p> Ecofeminism</p> <p> Assumptions</p> <p> Methodology</p> <p> Questions for Analysis</p> <p> Critiques and Responses</p> <p> Critical Essay: “Dancing through the Minefield: Some Observations on the Theory, Practice, Politics of Feminist Literary Criticism,” Annette Kolodny</p> <p><strong>8 Marxism </strong></p> <p> Historical Development</p> <p> Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels</p> <p> Russia and Marxism</p> <p> Georg Lukaes</p> <p> The Frankfurt School</p> <p> Antonio Gramsci</p> <p> Louis Althusser</p> <p> Marxist Theorists Today</p> <p> Assumptions</p> <p>Methodology</p> <p> Questions for Analysis</p> <p> Critiques and Responses</p> <p> Critical Essay: “Base and Superstructure in Marxist Cultural Theory,” Raymond Williams</p> <p><strong>9 Cultural Poetics or New Historicism </strong></p> <p> A New-Critical Literature</p> <p> Old Historicism</p> <p> The New Historicism</p> <p> Historical Development</p> <p> Cultural Materialism</p> <p> New Historicism</p> <p> Assumptions</p> <p> Michael Foucault</p> <p> Clifford Geertz</p> <p> Text, History, and Interpretation</p> <p> What Cultural Poetics Rejects</p> <p> What Cultural Poetics Does and Accepts</p> <p> Methodology</p> <p> Questions for Analysis</p> <p> Critiques and Responses</p> <p> Critical Essay: Arthur Kinney</p> <p><strong>10 Postcolonialism</strong></p> <p> Postcolonialism: “The Empire Writes Back”</p> <p> Historical Development of Postcolonialism</p> <p> Assumptions of Postcolonialism</p> <p> Methodology</p> <p> Questions for Analysis</p> <p> Critiques and Response</p> <p> Critical Essay: “An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad’s Heart of Darkness”</p> <p><strong>11 African-American Criticism</strong></p> <p> Historical Development, Assumptions, and Methodology</p> <p> Questions for Analysis</p> <p> Critiques and Responses</p> <p> Critical Essay: “Talking Black: Critical Signs of the Times,” Henry Louis Gates Jr.</p> <p><strong>12 Queer Theory: Gay and Lesbian Criticism</strong></p> <p> Historical Development and Assumptions</p> <p> Queer Critical Theorists</p> <p> Questions for Analysis</p> <p>Critiques and Response</p> <p> Critical Essay: “Epistemology of the Closet”</p> <p><strong>13 Ecocriticism</strong></p> <p> What is Ecocriticism?</p> <p> Historical Development</p> <p> Assumptions</p> <p> Methodology</p> <p> Questions for Analysis</p> <p> Critiques and Responses</p> <p><strong>Readings on Literary Criticism </strong></p> <p>“The Formalist Critics” Cleanth Brooks</p> <p>“Structure, Sign, and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences” Jacques Derrida</p> <p>“Heroic Enthocentrism: The Idea of Universality in Literature” Charles Larson</p> <p>“Queer Theory” Annamarie Jagose</p> <p>“John Keats and Nature: An Ecocritical Inquiry” Charles Ngiewih TEKE</p> <p><strong>Glossary</strong></p> <p><strong>Credits</strong></p> <p><strong>Index</strong></p>