Becoming a Critical Thinker

<p><strong>IN THIS SECTION:</strong></p> <p><strong>1.) BRIEF<br>2.) COMPREHENSIVE</strong></p> <p> <br></p> <p><strong>BRIEF TABLE OF CONTENTS</strong></p> <p><strong>Contents</strong></p> <p><strong>PREFACE 000</strong></p> <p><strong>Chapter 1</strong> Foundations of Arguments 2</p> <p><strong>Chapter 2</strong> Values and Ethics 36</p> <p><strong>Chapter 3</strong> Reality of assumptions 74</p> <p><strong>Chapter 4</strong> Inductive arguments: Statistical and causal generalizations 120</p> <p><strong>Chapter 5</strong> Inductive generalizations: Controlled studies and analogies 170</p> <p><strong>Chapter 6</strong> Reasoning errors 224</p> <p><strong>Chapter 7</strong> The power of language 274</p> <p><strong>Chapter 8</strong> Suggestion in media 320</p> <p><strong>Chapter 9</strong> Fair-mindedness 400</p> <p><strong>Chapter 10 </strong> Persuasive speaking 442</p> <p><strong>CREDITS 483</strong></p> <p><strong>INDEX 000</strong></p> <p> <br></p> <p><strong>COMPREHENSIVE TABLE OF CONTENTS</strong></p> <p><strong>Contents</strong></p> <p><strong>PREFACE 000</strong></p> <p><strong>Chapter 1</strong> Foundations of Arguments 2</p> <p>Who Is a Critical Thinker and When Do You Need to Be One?</p> <p>The Structure of Argument 4</p> <p>Individual or Class Exercise: Making a Decision 15</p> <p> Chapter Review 16</p> <p> Summary 16</p> <p> Checkup 16</p> <p> Exercises 17</p> <p> “Educational Ticket” 19</p> <p> “War on Drugs Fails: We Need New Approach” 19</p> <p> “Drugged Driving” 19</p> <p> Articles for Discussion 21</p> <p> “16-Year-Old Sailor Was Already Off Course” 21</p> <p> “LeBron James’ Decision a Cruel Blow to His Hometown” 25</p> <p> “Roundup: NBA Team Owner Backs LeBron James’ Decision” 27</p> <p>“Onstage and Backstage: Two Jobs. One Actor. What Do You Choose?” 28</p> <p> “Talk-Show Host Angers Disabled Community” 29</p> <p> “Radio Show on Rights of Disabled Defended” 30</p> <p> Ideas for Writing or Speaking 32</p> <p> “The Road Not Taken” 33</p> <p> Films for Analysis and Discussion 34</p> <p> Similar Films and Classics 34</p> <p><strong>Chapter 2</strong> Values and Ethics 36</p> <p>What Price Ethics and Can You Afford Not to Pay?</p> <p>VALUE ASSUMPTIONS AND CONFLICTS 39</p> <p>CLASS EXERCISE 42</p> <p>ETHICS––AN IMPORTANT DIMENSION OF VALUES 44</p> <p>IDEAL VALUES VERSUS REAL VALUES 47</p> <p>ETHICS IN ARGUMENTATION 49</p> <p>ETHICAL DECISION MAKING 50</p> <p> Chapter Review 55</p> <p> Summary 55</p> <p> Checkup 56</p> <p> Exercises 56</p> <p><strong> “</strong>Salvation Army Turns Down $100,000 Donation” 60</p> <p> Articles for Discussion 60</p> <p> “You Make the Call: Is It Goo Baseball Strategy or a Weak Attempt to Win?” 61</p> <p> “Staffer Gets Subpoenaed” 63</p> <p> “National Public Radio” 64</p> <p> “Schools’ Peanut Bans Spark Backlash” 66</p> <p> “Texas College Admissions Law Under Fire: Kids in Top 10% Get in Automatically” 68</p> <p> Ideas for Writing or Speaking 70</p> <p> Films for Analysis and Discussion 72</p> <p> Similar Films and Classics 72</p> <p><strong>Chapter 3</strong> Reality of assumptions 74</p> <p>It’s Eleven O’Clock. Do You Know Where Your Assumptions Are?</p> <p>REALITY ASSUMPTIONS 75</p> <p>DETECTING REALITY ASSUMPTIONS 77</p> <p>THE IMPORTANCE OF EXAMINING ASSUMPTIONS 83</p> <p>DEDUCTIVE REASONING 88</p> <p>USING TOULMIN’S METHOD TO UNDERSTAND DEDUCTION 93</p> <p>THE USES OF DEDUCTIVE REASONING 95</p> <p> Chapter Review 105</p> <p> Summary 105</p> <p> Checkup 105</p> <p> Exercises 106</p> <p> Articles for Discussion 108</p> <p> “Forget What You Know About Good Study Habits” 108</p> <p> “Can Blacks Be Racist?” 112</p> <p> “Wasted Food, Discovered Souls” 114</p> <p> “Bearer of Bad News” 115</p> <p> Ideas for Writing or Speaking 116</p> <p> Films for Analysis and Discussion 117</p> <p> Similar Films and Classics 118</p> <p> Television Shows for Analysis and Discussion 000</p> <p><strong>Chapter 4</strong> Inductive arguments: Statistical and causal generalizations 120</p> <p>Prove It to Me—What Are the Statistics?</p> <p>INDUCTIVE REASONING 121</p> <p>STATISTICAL EVIDENCE 125</p> <p>THE MANY USES OF STATISTICS 125</p> <p>HOW THE RESEARCH IS DONE 132</p> <p>CHECKLIST FOR POLLS AND STATISTICAL STUDIES 135</p> <p>USING SURVEYS AS EVIDENCE 136</p> <p>STATISTICAL GENERALIZATIONS 139</p> <p>THE REPORTING OF STATISTICAL STUDIES: TRUTHS, HALF-TRUTHS, AND DISTORTIONS 141</p> <p>CAUSAL GENERALIZATIONS 142</p> <p>HUME’S CONDITIONS FOR CAUSE AND EFFECT 148</p> <p>TECHNICAL CAUSATION 149</p> <p>MULTIPLE CAUSES 149</p> <p>MILL’S ANALYSIS OF CAUSE AND EFFECT 152</p> <p>USING DIFFERENCE AND SIMILARITY TOGETHER TO DETERMINE CAUSE 154</p> <p> Chapter Review 155</p> <p> Summary 155</p> <p> Checkup 156</p> <p> Exercises 156</p> “What Are the Risk Factors for Breast Cancer?” 157 <p> “Multiple Causes of Suicide” 157</p> <p> “Self-Segregation” 157</p> <p> “Why Do People Start to Smoke?” 158</p> <p>Articles for Discussion 160</p> <p> “The Meth Epidemic” 160</p> <p> “Understanding Facebook Addiction: Why Is Social Networking So Addictive? How Did We Get Addicted? 162 “ISU Researcher Studies Consequences of ‘Hooking Up’” 164</p> <p> “Drugs, Gangs on the Rise in Schools: Survey Shows Increase in Gang Activity and Drug Use in Nation’s Schools” 165</p> <p> Ideas for Writing or Speaking 167</p> <p> Longer-Term Writing Assignment 168</p> <p> Films for Analysis and Discussion 169</p> <p> Similar Films and Classics 169</p> <p><strong>Chapter 5</strong> Inductive generalizations: Controlled studies and analogies 170</p> <p>Who Said So? And Who Are They Anyway?</p> <p>RESEARCH DESIGN 172</p> <p>CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING RESEARCH FINDINGS 173</p> <p>CONTROVERSY IN RESEARCH FINDINGS 181</p> <p>CHECKLIST FOR MAKING, EVALUATING, REPAIRING, AND REFUTING ARGUMENTS 187</p> <p>USE OF AUTHORITY: EXPERT TESTIMONY 189</p> <p>PROBLEMS WITH EXPERT TESTIMONY 193</p> <p>REASONING BY ANALOGY 201</p> <p> Chapter Review 204</p> <p> Summary 204</p> <p> Checkup 204</p> <p> Exercises 205</p> <p> Articles for Discussion 211</p> <p> “Food News Blues” 211</p> <p> “$27 Million to Change NYC Signs from All-Caps” 216</p> <p> “Could a Pill Help Fade Traumatic Memories?” 218</p> <p> Ideas for Writing or Speaking 221</p> <p> Films for Analysis and Discussion 223</p> <p> Similar Film Classics 223 </p> <p><strong>Chapter 6</strong> Reasoning errors 224</p> <p>I Know What I Think—Don’t Confuse Me with Facts</p> <p>INADEQUATE REASONS AS FALLACIES 225</p> <p>FALLACIES THAT MISLEAD 241</p> <p> Chapter Review 255</p> <p> Summary 255</p> <p> Checkup 255</p> <p> Exercises 255</p> <p> Key Terms 000</p> <p> Chapter Checkup 000</p> <p> Chapter Exercises 000</p> <p> Articles for Discussion 260</p> <p> “Ashamed of Strug’s Sacrifice” 261</p> <p> “Kerri Strug Made Reader Cheer” 261</p> <p> “Keep Women Off the Streets” 262</p> <p> “E-mail Chain Letters Deceive” 262</p> <p> “Sunday Times Reveals Some Eco-Celeb Shame” 264</p> <p> “Rwanda Is So Hot Right Now” 264</p> <p> “On Comparing Global Warming Denial to Holocaust Denial” 267</p> <p> “Does Facebook Make You Dumber? Study Shows Users of Social Networking Site Get Lower Grades” 269</p> <p> Ideas for Writing or Speaking 272</p> <p> Films for Analysis and Discussion 272</p> <p><strong>Chapter 7</strong> The power of language 274</p> <p>What’s in a Name?</p> <p>DENOTATION AND CONNOTATION 276</p> <p>THE POWER OF CONNOTATION 280</p> <p>REIFICATION: WHEN WORDS TAKE ON MORE POWER THAN REALITY 284</p> <p>MEANINGS ARE IN PEOPLE 287</p> <p>THE PROBLEM OF VAGUENESS 291</p> <p>AMBIGUITY IN LANGUAGE 293</p> <p>DOUBLESPEAK, INCLUDING WEASEL WORDS 294</p> <p> Chapter Review 303</p> <p> Summary 303</p> <p> Checkup 304</p> <p> Exercises 304</p> <p> Articles for Discussion 308</p> <p> “What’s in a Name?” 308</p> <p> “Race-Based Team Names Not Tolerated in Wisconsin” 310</p> <p> “Jennifer Aniston, The R-Word and the Aftermath” 311</p> <p> “Weasel Words Rip My Flesh!” 314</p> <p> Ideas for Writing or Speaking 316</p> <p> Films for Analysis and Discussion 318</p> <p><strong>Chapter 8</strong> Suggestion in media 320</p> <p>Is What You See What You Get? Do You Really Want It?</p> <p>SUGGESTION IN DAILY LIFE 322</p> <p>TELEVISED SUGGESTION 326</p> <p>SUGGESTION IN PRINT MEDIA 333</p> <p>THE POWER OF MEDIA TO SHAPE INFORMATION 341</p> <p>A BAG OF MARKETING AND ADVERTISING TRICKS 345</p> <p>STORYTELLING AS PERSUASION 371</p> <p>CITIZENS, CONSUMERS, AND RELATIONSHIPS IN AN AGE OF TECHNOLOGY 373</p> <p> Chapter Review 375</p> <p> Summary 375</p> <p> Checkup 375</p> <p> Exercises 376</p> <p> Articles for Discussion 381</p> <p> “U.S. Mayor Uses Twitter to Help Snowbound” 381</p> <p> “Scents and Sensibility” 382</p> <p> “Five Fake Viral Video Campaigns: Great Gimmicks or Bad for Business?” 385</p> <p> “The Tyranny of E-Mail” 388</p> <p> Ideas for Writing or Speaking 395</p> <p> Films for Analysis and Discussion 398</p> <p> Similar Films and Classics 398</p> <p><strong>Chapter 9</strong> Fair-mindedness 400</p> <p>It’s You and Me, Kid, and I’m Not So Sure About You</p> <p>HOW WE DEFEND OUR EGOS 402</p> <p>CONFORMITY AND WAYS TO OVERCOME IT 407</p> <p>EMOTIONAL REASONING AND RATIONAL RESPONSES 410</p> <p>WAYS TO DEAL WITH EMOTIONAL REASONING 414</p> <p>POINTS OF LOGICAL VULNERABILITY 415</p> <p>ACTIVELY AND ACCURATELY LISTENING: DEVELOPING EMPATHY 418</p> <p>THE ART OF LISTENING WELL 419</p> <p>PRECAUTIONS ABOUT ACTIVE LISTENING 420</p> <p> Chapter Review 423</p> <p> Summary 423</p> <p> Checkup 423</p> <p> Exercises 424</p> <p> Articles for Discussion 427</p> <p> “Excerpts from How Doctors Think” 427</p> <p> “Create Your Own Path” 429</p> <p> “The Lock: They Argue and I Argue Back. But I Never Seem to Win. The Key: Listen—Just Listen, and You’ll Start to Win.” 431</p> <p> “It Happened” 432</p> <p> “For Women Only—What You Need to Know About the Inner Lives of Men” 434</p> <p> “Breakfast and Tousled Cornrows” 436</p> <p> Ideas for Writing or Speaking 439</p> <p> Films for Analysis and Discussion 440</p> <p> Similar Films and Classics 440</p> <p><strong>Chapter 10</strong> Persuasive speaking 442</p> <p>What’s Your Point? How Do You Sharpen It?</p> <p>BEING AN ADVOCATE OF IDEAS: COMMUNICATING PUBLICLY 444</p> <p>THE BEST WAYS TO DEAL WITH SPEECH FEAR 445</p> <p>AUDIENCE ANALYSIS 446</p> <p>THE THREE ELEMENTS OF A PERSUASIVE ARGUMENT: ETHOS, LOGOS, AND PATHOS 447</p> <p>PROBLEM SOLVING AND COLLABORATIVE DECISION MAKING 463</p> <p>THE PROBLEM-SOLVING METHOD 464</p> <p>Chapter Review 468</p> <p> Summary 468</p> <p> Checkup 468</p> <p> Exercises 469</p> <p> Articles for Discussion 473</p> <p> “Don’t Be Shy” 473</p> <p> “The Gettysburg Address” 476</p> <p>Ideas for Writing or Speaking 477</p> <p> Films for Analysis and Discussion 479</p> <p><strong>CREDITS 483</strong></p> <p><strong>INDEX 000</strong></p>