Table of contents; List of abbreviations; List of Illustrations, Maps and Tables; Introduction – Jan Willem Honig, Monica den Boer, Marten Zwanenburg & Joep Aarts; Part I: Categories of Non-State (Armed) Actors in War; 1. The Strategic Cohesion of Organised Armed Groups: Towards a Historically Informed Socio-Normative Approach – Jan Willem Honig; 2. The Diversification of Civilian Agency in Armed Conflict and the Protection of Civilians under International Humanitarian Law – Arjen Vermeer & Steven van der Put; 3. The Resistance Operating Concept: Towards Modern-Day People’s War – Martijn Rouvroije; 4. Fuelling Instability in the Ukraine War: The Questionable Loyalty of Non-State Actors in Cyberspace – Peter Pijpers & Lotte Nietzman; 5. How Iranian Weapons’ Technology Increases Ansar Allah’s Reach – Ralph Savelsberg, Mark Voskuijl & Frederik Mertens; 6. Information and Communications Technology Companies on the Battlefield: Explanations and Implications –Eric Pouw, Paul Ducheine, Peter Pijpers & Kraesten Arnold; 7. Private Non-State Actors as Norm-Keepers in Armed Conflict: The Role of the Private Sector in Ensuring Compliance with International Humanitarian Law – Marten Zwanenburg; 8. Navigating Non-State Dynamics: A Literature Review on Private Military and Security Companies – Erik de Waard, Bart Wielders, Michael Rustenhoven & Chiel Conijn; 9. Expansion or Restraint? China’s Use of Private Military and Security Companies along the ‘Belt and Road Initiative’ in Asia and Africa – Thijs Cremers & Maarten Rothman; 10. Can the Impact of Non-State Actors Be Predicted? Impressions of Contemporary Approaches to War Forecasting – Hans Melissen & Peter Schuur; Part II: Cases of Non-State (Armed) Actors in War; 11. Fighting or Writing? Dutch Volunteers in the Anglo-Boer War: Motivation, Loyalty, Effectiveness and Self-Representation – Henk de Jong; 12. The Pope’s Divisions on the March: Soft Power and the Catholic Church – Theo Brinkel; 13. The Battle for Recognition: National Liberation Movements and Military Assistance during the Decolonization of Southern Africa – Tycho van der Hoog; 14. Fighting the State: The Comparative Advantages and Disadvantages of the Tamil Tigers in Their Separatist Struggle against the Sri Lankan Government – Georg Frerks; 15. Cohesion and Conflict Outcomes in Nagorno-Karabakh – Feike Fliervoet; General Bibliography
