Preface Laura Berk; Introduction/Overview Adam Winsler, Charles Fernyhough and Ignacio Montero; Part I. Overview, Theoretical, and Biological Foundations: 1. Still talking to ourselves after all these years: a review of current research on private speech Adam Winsler; 2. Dialogic thinking Charles Fernyhough; 3. The executive functions of language in preschool children Ulrich Müller, Sophie Jaques, Karin Brocki and Philip David Zelazo; 4. The neuropsychology of covert and overt speech: implications for the study of private speech in children and adults Simon Jones; Part II. Language, Communication, Social Cognition and Awareness: 5. Talking and thinking: the role of speech in social understanding Jeremy Carpendale, Charles Lewis, Noah Susswein and Joanna Lunn; 6. Private speech and theory of mind: evidence for developing functional relations Charles Fernyhough and Elizabeth Meins; 7. Development of communicative competence through private and inner speech Peter Feigenbaum; 8. Private speech in the framework of referential communication Conchi San Martín Martinez, Humbert Boada and Maria Forns Santacana; 9. Preschool children's awareness and theory of speech Louis Manfra; 10. Younger children's knowledge about overt and covert private speech John Flavell and Adrian A. Wong; Part III. Symbols and Tools Throughout the Lifespan: 11. Private pointing and private speech: development of executive function Begoña Delgado, Juan Carolos Gómez and Encarnación Sarriá; 12. Symbols as tools in the development of executive function Stephanie Carlson and Danielle M. Beck; 13. On the persistence of private speech: empirical and theoretical considerations Robert M. Duncan and Donato Tartulli; 14. Private speech beyond childhood: testing the developmental hypothesis José Sánchez-Medina, David Alarcón Rubio and Manuel de la Mata; Part IV. Motivational and Educational Applications: 15. Private speech and motivation: the role of language in a sociocultural account of motivational processes David J. Atencio and Ignacio Montero; 16. Creativity and private speech in young children C. Stephen White and Martha Daugherty; 17. Early childhood teacher's awareness, beliefs, and practices toward children's private speech Carla Deniz; Afterword James Wertsch.