Role of Biomarkers in Cancer Diagnosis and Therapeutics

I. Biomarkers in Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment<br>1. Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA)<br>2. Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)<br>3. Tissue Polypeptide-Specific Antigen (TPS) CA72-4<br>4. Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 (CA19-9)<br>5. Carbohydrate Antigen 125 (CA-125)<br>6. Carbohydrate Antigen 72-4 (CA72-4)<br>7. Aminopeptidase N<br>8. Alkaline Phosphatase<br>9. CD26/Dipeptidyl Peptidase (DPP)4<br>10. Genetic Biomarkers in Cancer<br>11. Immunology Biomarkers in Cancer<br>12. Microbiome Biomarkers in Cancer<br>13. Glycobiology Biomarkers in Cancer<br>14. Epigenetic Biomarkers in Cancer<br><br>II. Metabolic Targets and Cancer Therapeutics<br>15. Introduction to Metabolic Targets and Autophagy<br>16. Glucose Metabolism – Hexokinase-2 (HK2), Lactate Dehydrogenase A (LDHA), Pyruvate Kinase M2 Isoform (PKM2), Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (PDK), Glucose Transporter, Enolase 1 (ENO1), and Monocarboxylate Transporter (MCT1)<br>17. Nucleic Acid Metabolism – Folate Cycle, Nucleotide Incorporation (DNA Polymerase/Ribonucleotide Reductase (RNR)), Deoxynucleotide Synthesis (RNR), and Thymidine Synthesis (TYMS)<br>18. Amino Acid Metabolism – Arginine and Asparagine, Serine/Threonine Protein Kinase (Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 (GSK-3))<br>19. Glucose and Amino Acid Metabolism - Isocitrate Dehydrogenase-1 (IDH-1)<br>20. Glucose, Nucleic Acid, Fatty Acid, and Amino Acid Metabolism – Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (GAPDH)<br><br>III. Miscellaneous Cancer Therapeutic Approaches<br>21. Targeting DNA Repair Pathways – O-6-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase (MGMT), Base Excision Repair, Double Strand Breaks Repair, and mtDNA Repair<br>22. Cell Cycle Inhibition – Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDKs), and G1 Checkpoint<br>23. Topoisomerase-Induced DNA Damage and Therapeutic Potential<br>24. Polo-like Kinase 4 (PLK4) Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy<br>25. Synthetic Lethality by Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors<br>26. Innovative Therapeutic Approaches