Advances in Smart Nanomaterials and their Applications

<p>List of contributors xv</p> <p>About the editors xix</p> <p>Preface xxi</p> <p>Key features xxiii</p> <p>1. Nanomaterials: introduction, synthesis, characterization, and applications 1</p> <p>Tadege Belay, Limenew Abate Worku, Rakesh Kumar Bachheti, Archana Bachheti and Azamal Husen</p> <p>Abbreviations 1</p> <p>1.1 Introduction 2</p> <p>1.2 Classification of nanomaterials 3</p> <p>1.2.1 Carbon-based nanoparticles 3</p> <p>1.3 Metal/metal oxide nanoparticles 5</p> <p>1.3.1 Ceramics nanoparticles 6</p> <p>1.3.2 Semiconductor nanoparticles 7</p> <p>1.3.3 Polymeric nanoparticles 7</p> <p>1.3.4 Lipid-based nanoparticles 7</p> <p>1.4 Properties of nanomaterials 7</p> <p>1.5 Synthesis of nanoparticles 8</p> <p>1.6 Factors affecting the synthesis of nanomaterials 9</p> <p>1.6.1 Particular method 9</p> <p>1.6.2 pH 9</p> <p>1.6.3 Temperature 9</p> <p>1.6.4 Pressure 12</p> <p>1.6.5 Time 12</p> <p>1.6.6 Preparation cost 12</p> <p>1.6.7 Particle size and shape 12</p> <p>1.6.8 Pore size 12</p> <p>1.6.9 Environment 13</p> <p>1.6.10 Proximity 13</p> <p>1.6.11 Other factors 13</p> <p>1.7 Characterization techniques 13</p> <p>1.8 Applications of nanomaterials 15</p> <p>1.9 Conclusion 16</p> <p>References 17</p> <p>2. Smart nanomaterials in the medical industry 23</p> <p>Ankush D. Sontakke, Deepti, Niladri Shekhar Samanta and Mihir K. Purkait</p> <p>2.1 Introduction 23</p> <p>2.2 Classification of smart nanomaterials 26</p> <p>2.2.1 Physical responsive nanomaterials 27</p> <p>2.2.2 Chemical responsive nanomaterials 29</p> <p>2.2.3 Biological responsive nanomaterials 31</p> <p>2.3 Significance and adaptability of smart nanomaterials for the medical industry 32</p> <p>2.4 Smart nanomaterials and their potential use in the medical industry 33</p> <p>2.4.1 Carbon-based smart nanomaterials 33</p> <p>2.4.2 Inorganic smart nanomaterials 35</p> <p>2.4.3 Polymeric smart nanomaterials 37</p> <p>2.5 Applications of smart nanomaterials in the medical industry 38</p> <p>2.5.1 Multifunctional drug delivery system 38</p> <p>2.5.2 Tissue engineering 39</p> <p>2.5.3 Biosensing and bioimaging 40</p> <p>2.5.4 Photodynamic therapy 41</p> <p>2.5.5 Magnetic resonance imaging 42</p> <p>2.5.6 Toxicological aspects of smart nanomaterials 43</p> <p>2.6 Challenges and future prospective 44</p> <p>2.7 Conclusion 44</p> <p>References 45</p> <p>3. Nanomedicine-lipiodol formulations for transcatheter arterial chemoembolization 51</p> <p>Xing Gao, En Ren, Chengchao Chu, Yun Zeng and Gang Liu</p> <p>3.1 Introduction 51</p> <p>3.1.1 Hepatocellular carcinoma 51</p> <p>3.1.2 Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization 53</p> <p>3.1.3 Lipiodol 53</p> <p>3.1.4 Nanomedicine 54</p> <p>3.2 Nanomedicine-lipiodol formulations 55</p> <p>3.2.1 Coarse emulsions 55</p> <p>3.2.2 Pickering emulsion 56</p> <p>3.2.3 Homogeneous formulation 56</p> <p>3.3 Functions and applications of nanomedicine-lipiodol formulations 57</p> <p>3.3.1 Drug delivery 57</p> <p>3.3.2 Imaging 58</p> <p>3.3.3 Precise surgical navigation 62</p> <p>3.3.4 Combined therapy 64</p> <p>3.4 Conclusions and perspectives 67</p> <p>Acknowledgments 68</p> <p>References 68</p> <p>4. Role of nanotechnology in cancer therapies: recent advances, current issues, and approaches 73</p> <p>Madhusudhan Alle and Md. Adnan</p> <p>4.1 Introduction 73</p> <p>4.2 Photothermal therapy 77</p> <p>4.3 Photodynamic therapy 78</p> <p>4.4 Sonodynamic therapy 79</p> <p>4.4.1 Mechanism of sonodynamic therapy 80</p> <p>4.4.2 Sonosensitizers 81</p> <p>4.5 Starvation therapy 82</p> <p>4.5.1 Glucose oxidase-mediated cancer starvation therapy 84</p> <p>4.5.2 Glucose oxidase-based cancer monotherapy 84</p> <p>4.5.3 Synergistic starvation/chemotherapy 84</p> <p>4.5.4 Glucose oxidase-inducing cancer starvation and hypoxia-activated chemotherapy 85</p> <p>4.6 Cancer immunotherapy 85</p> <p>4.6.1 Cancer-immunity cycle 86</p> <p>4.6.2 Nanomaterials cancer immunotherapy 87</p> <p>4.7 Conclusion 88</p> <p>References 88</p> <p>5. Lipid-based cubosome nanoparticle mediated efficient and controlled vesicular drug delivery for cancer therapy 97</p> <p>Rittick Mondal, Harshita Shand, Anoop Kumar, Hanen Sellami, Suvankar Ghorai, Amit Kumar Mandal and Azamal Husen</p> <p>5.1 Introduction 97</p> <p>5.2 Structure and advantages of cubosome nanoparticles 98</p> <p>5.3 Synthesis of cubosome nanoparticles 98</p> <p>5.3.1 Topdown techniques 99</p> <p>5.3.2 Bottomup techniques 100</p> <p>5.4 Characterization of cubosome nanoparticles 100</p> <p>5.5 Application of cubosome nanoparticles as an anticancer drug delivery carrier 101</p> <p>5.6 The future aspect of cubosome nanoparticles 103</p> <p>5.7 Conclusion 104</p> <p>References 105</p> <p>6. Smart nanomaterials and control of biofilms 109</p> <p>Ajay Kumar Chauhan, Surendra Pratap Singh, Bhoomika Yadav, Samvedna Khatri and Azamal Husen</p> <p>6.1 Introduction 109</p> <p>6.2 Biofilm 110</p> <p>6.2.1 Structure and development of biofilms 111</p> <p>6.2.2 Function of biofilms 112</p> <p>6.3 Various types of biofilms 113</p> <p>6.3.1 Bacterial 113</p> <p>6.3.2 Mycobacteria 113</p> <p>6.3.3 Fungi 113</p> <p>6.3.4 Algae 116</p> <p>6.4 Various techniques to control biofilm 116</p> <p>6.4.1 Ultraviolet irradiation 116</p> <p>6.4.2 Chlorine 116</p> <p>6.4.3 Hydrogen peroxide 117</p> <p>6.4.4 Nitrous oxide 117</p> <p>6.5 Barriers to conventional treatment methods 117</p> <p>6.5.1 Antibiotic resistance 117</p> <p>6.5.2 Microenvironment of biofilm 118</p> <p>6.5.3 Control of biofilm using nanoparticles 118</p> <p>6.6 Various types of nanomaterials used for biofilm control 118</p> <p>6.6.1 Metallic nanomaterials 119</p> <p>6.6.2 Nonmetallic inorganic nanomaterials 120</p> <p>6.6.3 Lipid-based nanomaterials 120</p> <p>6.6.4 Polymeric nanomaterials 121</p> <p>6.7 Conclusion and prospects 121</p> <p>References 122</p> <p>7. Antimicrobial activities of nanomaterials 127</p> <p>Limenew Abate Worku, Deepti, Yenework Nigussie, Archana Bachheti, Rakesh Kumar Bachheti and Azamal Husen</p> <p>Abbreviations 127</p> <p>7.1 Introduction 127</p> <p>7.2 Microbial resistance to nanoparticles 128</p> <p>7.3 The effects of nanoparticles on microbial resistance 129</p> <p>7.4 Antibacterial mechanisms of nanoparticles 129</p> <p>7.5 Antimicrobial activities of various nanoparticles 131</p> <p>7.5.1 Silver nanoparticle 131</p> <p>7.5.2 Gold nanoparticles metal-oxide nanoparticles 132</p> <p>7.5.3 Biopolymers 136</p> <p>7.5.4 Natural essential oil 138</p> <p>7.6 Antibacterial application of nanoparticles 140</p> <p>7.6.1 Food packaging 140</p> <p>7.6.2 Wound dressing application 141</p> <p>7.7 Conclusion 142</p> <p>References 142</p> <p>8. Management of infectious disease and biotoxin elimination using nanomaterials 149</p> <p>Ghazala Sultan, Inamul Hasan Madar, Syeda Mahvish Zahra, Mahpara Safdar, Umar Farooq Alahmad, Mahamuda Begum, Ramachandran Chelliah and Deog-Hawn Oh</p> <p>8.1 Introduction 149</p> <p>8.1.1 Nanomaterials and nanotechnology 149</p> <p>8.1.2 Applications of nanotechnology 150</p> <p>8.1.3 Challenges in nanotechnology 152</p> <p>8.2 Management of infectious disease based on nanotechnology 153</p> <p>8.2.1 Identification of pathogens 153</p> <p>8.2.2 Gold nanoparticles 153</p> <p>8.2.3 Silver nanoparticles 154</p> <p>8.2.4 Quantum dots 154</p> <p>8.2.5 Fluorescent polymeric nanoparticle 154</p> <p>8.3 Bacterial disinfection and drug resistance bacteria controlled by nanotechnology 154</p> <p>8.4 Treatment of infectious diseases based on nanotechnology 162</p> <p>8.4.1 Nanomaterials as a treatment tool 162</p> <p>8.4.2 Antimicrobial nanomaterials in treatment 163</p> <p>8.4.3 Nanotherapies for viral infections 165</p> <p>8.5 Biotoxin elimination using nanomaterials 166</p> <p>8.6 Silica nanoreactor polyethylene glycol for nanodetoxification 167</p> <p>8.6.1 Mycotoxin eliminations using nanotechnology 167</p> <p>8.7 Limitations of available nanodetoxification methods 167</p> <p>References 168</p> <p>9. Nanomaterials and their application in microbiology disciplines 175</p> <p>Arvind Arya, Pankaj Kumar Tyagi, Sandeep Kumar and Azamal Husen</p> <p>9.1 Introduction 175</p> <p>9.2 Application of nanomaterials in water microbiology 176</p> <p>9.2.1 Use of nanoparticles in water disinfection 177</p> <p>9.3 Application of nanomaterials in food microbiology 178</p> <p>9.3.1 Roles of nanotechnology in food adulteration analysis 180</p> <p>9.3.2 Food safety analysis using nanomaterial and devices 182</p> <p>9.3.3 Detection of food pathogens using nanosensors 183</p> <p>9.3.4 Application of nanosensors in the detection of toxins 183</p> <p>9.3.5 Application of nanosensors in the detection of chemicals and pesticides in food 183</p> <p>9.3.6 Nanomaterials for protection from allergens 184</p> <p>9.3.7 Application of nano barcodes in product authenticity 184</p> <p>9.3.8 Nanomaterials for the inhibition of biofilm formation 185</p> <p>9.4 Application of nanomaterials in medical biology and immunology 185</p> <p>9.5 Application of nanomaterials in agricultural microbiology 186</p> <p>9.6 Conclusion and future prospective 193</p> <p>References 194</p> <p>10. Smart nanomaterials in biosensing applications 207</p> <p>Arvind Arya and Azamal Husen</p> <p>Abbreviations 207</p> <p>10.1 Introduction 207</p> <p>10.2 Smart nanomaterials and their applications by types 208</p> <p>10.2.1 Types of smart nanomaterials 210</p> <p>10.2.2 Applications of smart nanomaterials 210</p> <p>10.2.3 Carbon allotrope-based nanomaterials 211</p> <p>10.3 Application of smart nanomaterials in biosensing 215</p> <p>10.3.1 Biomedical diagnosis 216</p> <p>10.3.2 Food quality control 217</p> <p>10.3.3 Pesticide detection and environment monitoring 217</p> <p>10.4 Conclusion and prospects 224</p> <p>References 224</p> <p>11. Use of smart nanomaterials in food packaging 233</p> <p>Nikita Singh, Smriti Gaur, Sonam Chawla, Sachidanand Singh and Azamal Husen</p> <p>Abbreviations 233</p> <p>11.1 Introduction 233</p> <p>11.2 Functions of packaging in food processing 235</p> <p>11.3 Applications of nano-materials in food products packaging 235</p> <p>11.3.1 Active packaging 235</p> <p>11.3.2 Intelligent/smart packaging 236</p> <p>11.4 Exposure and migration of nano-materials to food 238</p> <p>11.5 Risks of nano-materials in food and food products packaging 239</p> <p>11.6 Present public interest and regulation for nanomaterials in food packaging 240</p> <p>11.7 Future perspectives 240</p> <p>11.8 Conclusion 241</p> <p>References 242</p> <p>12. Nanosensors in food science and technology 247</p> <p>Anweshan, Pranjal P. Das, Simons Dhara and Mihir K. Purkait</p> <p>12.1 Introduction 247</p> <p>12.2 A general overview of sensors and nanosensors 248</p> <p>12.3 Nano-sensing techniques 249</p> <p>12.3.1 Electrochemical sensors 249</p> <p>12.3.2 Colorimetric sensors 250</p> <p>12.3.3 Photoluminescence sensors 251</p> <p>12.4 Fabrication methods of nanosensors 252</p> <p>12.4.1 Electrodeposition and electropolymerization 252</p> <p>12.4.2 Electrospinning and electrospraying 253</p> <p>12.4.3 Lithography and fiber pulling 253</p> <p>12.4.4 Green synthesis of nanosensors 254</p> <p>12.5 Classification of sensory nanostructures 255</p> <p>12.5.1 Nanoparticles 255</p> <p>12.5.2 Carbon nanomaterials 256</p> <p>12.5.3 Nanowires 257</p> <p>12.6 Nanosensors for detection of spoilage in food 258</p> <p>12.6.1 Detection of pathogens in edible items 258</p> <p>12.6.2 Detection of toxins 258</p> <p>12.6.3 Detection of gases and pH change to expose food spoilage 259</p> <p>12.7 Nanosensors for detection of adulteration in food 259</p> <p>12.7.1 Detection of additives 259</p> <p>12.7.2 Detection of sugars and melamine 260</p> <p>12.7.3 Detection of urea 261</p> <p>12.8 Nanosensors for quality evaluation of beverages 261</p> <p>12.8.1 Detection of nutrients and antioxidants 261</p> <p>12.8.2 Detection of chemical contaminants and heavy metals 263</p> <p>12.9 Nanosensors for smart food packaging 264</p> <p>12.10 Challenges and future perspectives 265</p> <p>12.11 Conclusion 266</p> <p>References 267</p> <p>13. Nanosensors for detection of volatile organic compounds 273</p> <p>Tanmay Vyas, Kamakshi Parsai, Isha Dhingra and Abhijeet Joshi</p> <p>13.1 Introduction 273</p> <p>13.1.1 Environmental pollution 273</p> <p>13.1.2 What are volatile compounds 274</p> <p>13.1.3 Volatile compounds as pollutants 274</p> <p>13.1.4 What are nanosensors? 277</p> <p>13.2 Methods of detection of volatile organic compounds 277</p> <p>13.2.1 Extraction techniques 278</p> <p>13.2.2 Classical methods of detection 279</p> <p>13.2.3 Sensing techniques for detection of volatile organic compounds 281</p> <p>13.3 Materials used in nanosensors detecting volatile organic compounds 284</p> <p>13.3.1 Conducting polymeric matrix 284</p> <p>13.3.2 Carbon material matrix 285</p> <p>13.3.3 Metal oxides 287</p> <p>13.4 Nanosensor based sensing 288</p> <p>13.5 Why nanosensor for detection 290</p> <p>13.6 Applications of nano sensors-based detection 291</p> <p>13.7 Conclusion 292</p> <p>References 292</p> <p>14. Nanomaterials in cosmetics and dermatology 297</p> <p>Deepak Kulkarni, Santosh Shelke, Shubham Musale, Prabhakar Panzade, Karishma Sharma and Prabhanjan Giram</p> <p>14.1 Introduction 297</p> <p>14.2 Different materials are used for the fabrication of nanocarriers for cosmetics and dermatological use 299</p> <p>14.2.1 Metallic materials 299</p> <p>14.2.2 Carbon-based nano-materials 300</p> <p>14.2.3 Polymers and lipids 300</p> <p>14.3 Nanocarriers for cosmetics and dermatological use 301</p> <p>14.3.1 Liposomes 302</p> <p>14.3.2 Niosomes 302</p> <p>14.3.3 Solid lipid nanoparticles 302</p> <p>14.3.4 Nanostructured lipid carriers 303</p> <p>14.3.5 Nanoemulsion 303</p> <p>14.3.6 Nanocapsules and nanospheres 303</p> <p>14.3.7 Nanocrystals 304</p> <p>14.3.8 Nanoparticles 304</p> <p>14.4 Characterization of nanomaterials 304</p> <p>14.5 Functionalized nanomaterials for cosmetics and dermatological use 307</p> <p>14.5.1 Functional nanomaterials for cosmetics 307</p> <p>14.5.2 Functional nanomaterials for dermatology 308</p> <p>14.6 Applications 309</p> <p>14.6.1 Ultraviolet protecting agents 309</p> <p>14.6.2 Phototherapy 309</p> <p>14.6.3 Inflammatory diseases 310</p> <p>14.6.4 Antiseptic and wound healing 310</p> <p>14.6.5 Skin cancer therapy 311</p> <p>14.6.6 Sebaceous gland diseases 311</p> <p>14.6.7 Cosmetics 311</p> <p>14.7 Toxicity assessment of nanomaterials for cosmetic and dermatological use</p> <p>(in vitro, in vivo, ex vivo) 313</p> <p>14.7.1 In vitro 313</p> <p>14.7.2 In vivo 314</p> <p>14.7.3 Ex vivo 314</p> <p>14.8 Cosmetic and dermatological marketed product 315</p> <p>14.9 Patent scenario 316</p> <p>14.10 Conclusion 317</p> <p>Acknowledgment 317</p> <p>References 317</p> <p>15. Development of eco-friendly smart textiles from nanomaterials 325</p> <p>Jayasankar Janeni and Nadeesh M. Adassooriya</p> <p>15.1 Introduction 325</p> <p>15.2 Eco-friendly nanomaterial 326</p> <p>15.2.1 Carbon-based nanomaterials 326</p> <p>15.2.2 Conductive polymer composites 327</p> <p>15.2.3 Biopolymers 327</p> <p>15.3 Applications of nanomaterial for smart textiles 328</p> <p>15.3.1 Wearable sensors 328</p> <p>15.3.2 Body signal monitoring 329</p> <p>15.3.3 Energy harvesting 330</p> <p>15.3.4 Nanocoatings for smart textiles 330</p> <p>15.4 Conclusion and future trends 332</p> <p>References 333</p> <p>16. Energy storage properties of nanomaterials 337</p> <p>Mukesh Sharma, Pranjal P. Das and Mihir K. Purkait</p> <p>16.1 Introduction 337</p> <p>16.1.1 Nanomaterials for anode 338</p> <p>16.1.2 Nanomaterials for cathode 338</p> <p>16.2 Nanomaterials for lithium-ion battery applications 339</p> <p>16.3 Advances and phenomena enabled by nanomaterials in energy storage 341</p> <p>16.4 Fabrication of nanomaterial-based energy storage devices 342</p> <p>16.5 Surface chemistry and impurities in the microstructures for lithium-ion battery applications 342</p> <p>16.5.1 Additive in organic liquid electrolyte 342</p> <p>16.5.2 Surface modifications 343</p> <p>16.6 Microstructure materials for supercapacitor applications 345</p> <p>16.6.1 Electrochromism 345</p> <p>16.6.2 Supercapacitor battery-hybrid device 345</p> <p>16.7 Nanomaterials for hydrogen storage 346</p> <p>16.8 Challenges and prospects 347</p> <p>16.9 Conclusions 347</p> <p>References 348</p> <p>17. Smart nanomaterials based on metals and metal oxides for photocatalytic applications 351</p> <p>Ahmed Kotb, Rabeea D. Abdel-Rahim, Ahmed S. Ali and Hassanien Gomaa</p> <p>17.1 Introduction 351</p> <p>17.2 Nanomaterial’s preparation approaches 352</p> <p>17.2.1 Bottomup approaches 352</p> <p>17.2.2 Topdown approaches 352</p> <p>17.3 Characterization of smart nanomaterial-based catalysts 353</p> <p>17.3.1 Structural characterization 353</p> <p>17.3.2 Morphology characterization: electron microscopy 356</p> <p>17.3.3 Dynamic light scattering 359</p> <p>17.3.4 Optical characterization 359</p> <p>17.3.5 BET surface area 361</p> <p>17.3.6 Impedance spectroscopy 362</p> <p>17.4 Applications of nanomaterial-based catalysts 363</p> <p>17.4.1 Water purification 363</p> <p>17.4.2 Biodiesel production 365</p> <p>17.4.3 Photocatalysis 367</p> <p>17.4.4 Photocatalytic fuel cell 368</p> <p>17.5 Metal-based nanomaterials 371</p> <p>17.5.1 Silver nanoparticles 373</p> <p>17.5.2 Gold nanoparticles 375</p> <p>17.5.3 Platinum nanoparticles and palladium nanoparticles 377</p> <p>17.6 Metal oxide-based nanomaterials 378</p> <p>17.6.1 TiO2 preparation and photocatalytic applications 378</p> <p>17.6.2 ZnO preparation and photocatalytic applications 380</p> <p>17.6.3 Iron oxides preparation and photocatalytic applications 381</p> <p>17.6.4 Bi2O3 preparation and photocatalytic applications 384</p> <p>17.7 Metal-TiO2 nanocomposite 385</p> <p>17.7.1 Ag@TiO2 nanocomposite: preparation and photocatalytic applications 386</p> <p>17.7.2 Au@TiO2 nanocomposite: preparation and photocatalytic applications 392</p> <p>17.7.3 Pd@TiO2 nanocomposite: preparation and photocatalytic applications 393</p> <p>17.7.4 Pt@TiO2 nanocomposite: preparation and photocatalytic applications 400</p> <p>17.8 Conclusion and perspectives 404</p> <p>References 404</p> <p>18. Nanomaterials in the oil and gas industry 423</p> <p>Subhash Nandlal Shah and Muili Feyisitan Fakoya</p> <p>18.1 Introduction 423</p> <p>18.2 Drilling and hydraulic fracturing fluids 424</p> <p>18.3 Enhanced oil recovery (including nanoparticle transport, and emulsion and foam stability) 428</p> <p>18.4 Oilwell cementing 433</p> <p>18.5 Heavy oil viscosity 435</p> <p>18.6 Formation fines migration 436</p> <p>18.7 Other applications 437</p> <p>18.7.1 Cement spacers 437</p> <p>18.7.2 Corrosion inhibition 438</p> <p>18.7.3 Logging operations 439</p> <p>18.7.4 Hydrocarbon detection 439</p> <p>18.7.5 Methane release from gas hydrates 439</p> <p>18.7.6 Drag reduction in porous media 440</p> <p>18.8 Conclusions 440</p> <p>References 440</p> <p>19. Use of nanomaterials in agricultural sectors 445</p> <p>Gulamnabi Vanti, Shivakumar Belur and Azamal Husen</p> <p>Abbreviations 445</p> <p>19.1 Introduction 446</p> <p>19.1.1 Phyto-nanotechnology 447</p> <p>19.1.2 Nanobiosensors in agroecosystems 448</p> <p>19.1.3 Nanomaterials in food processing and packaging 457</p> <p>19.1.4 Nanoparticles in plant disease management 458</p> <p>19.1.5 Nano fertilizers 459</p> <p>19.2 Conclusion 460</p> <p>References 460</p> <p>20. Use of nanomaterials in the forest industry 469</p> <p>Paras Porwal, Hamid R. Taghiyari and Azamal Husen</p> <p>20.1 Introduction 469</p> <p>20.2 Application of nanotechnology for woodbased sectors 470</p> <p>20.2.1 Nanotechnology in wood preservation and modification 470</p> <p>20.3 Wood composites 471</p> <p>20.4 Wood coatings 474</p> <p>20.5 Improving wood durability 475</p> <p>20.6 Improving water absorption 475</p> <p>20.7 Improving mechanical property 476</p> <p>20.8 Improving UV absorption 476</p> <p>20.9 Improving fire retardancy 477</p> <p>20.10 Pulp and paper industry 478</p> <p>20.11 Reinforcing agents 479</p> <p>20.12 Coating nanomaterials 479</p> <p>20.13 Retention agents 479</p> <p>20.14 Fillers 480</p> <p>20.15 Sizing agents 480</p> <p>20.16 Nanocellulose potentials in the development of sensor devices 480</p> <p>20.17 Nanotoxicity: a safety concern 481</p> <p>20.18 Conclusion 481</p> <p>References 482</p> <p>21. Management of wastewater and other environmental issues using smart nanomaterials 489</p> <p>Mohammad Asif Raja, Md Asad Ahmad, Md Daniyal and Azamal Husen</p> <p>21.1 Introduction 489</p> <p>21.2 Wastewater and their sources 491</p> <p>21.3 Other environmental issues associated with wastewater 491</p> <p>21.4 Introduction of nanotechnology in wastewater treatment 493</p> <p>21.4.1 Caron-based nanomaterials 495</p> <p>21.4.2 Carbon nanotubes 495</p> <p>21.4.3 Graphene-based nanomaterials 496</p> <p>21.4.4 Graphitic carbon nitrate (g-C3N4) 498</p> <p>21.4.5 Silica-based nanomaterials 498</p> <p>21.4.6 Polymer-based nanomaterials 498</p> <p>21.5 Conclusion 499</p> <p>References 500</p> <p>Further reading 503</p> <p>22. 3D and 4D nanocomposites 505</p> <p>Kalyan Vydiam and Sudip Mukherjee</p> <p>Abbreviations 505</p> <p>22.1 Introduction 505</p> <p>22.2 Types of nanocomposites 508</p> <p>22.2.1 Ceramic nanocomposites 508</p> <p>22.2.2 Polymer nanocomposites 509</p> <p>22.2.3 Metallic nanocomposites 509</p> <p>22.3 Characterization techniques 510</p> <p>22.3.1 X-ray diffraction 510</p> <p>22.3.2 Thermogravimetric analysis 510</p> <p>22.3.3 Transmission electron microscopy 511</p> <p>22.3.4 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy 511</p> <p>22.3.5 Four-point probe 512</p> <p>22.4 Applications 512</p> <p>22.4.1 Ceramic nanocomposites 512</p> <p>22.4.2 Polymeric nanocomposites 513</p> <p>22.4.3 Metallic nanocomposites 515</p> <p>22.5 Conclusions 517</p> <p>Acknowledgment 518</p> <p>References 518</p> <p>23. Nanodimensional materials: an approach toward the biogenic synthesis 523</p> <p>Tahmeena Khan, Qazi Inamur Rahman, Saman Raza, Saima Zehra, Naseem Ahmad and Azamal Husen</p> <p>23.1 Introduction 523</p> <p>23.2 Biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles 524</p> <p>23.3 Mechanism of the synthesis of nanoparticles 526</p> <p>23.4 Factors affecting the synthesis of plant-based nanoparticles 526</p> <p>23.4.1 pH-dependent effect 527</p> <p>23.4.2 Role of temperature 527</p> <p>23.4.3 Incubation period 528</p> <p>23.4.4 Plant biomass concentration 528</p> <p>23.5 Some important plant-derived nanoparticles 529</p> <p>23.5.1 Metal nanoparticles 529</p> <p>23.5.2 Metal-oxide nanoaprticles 532</p> <p>23.6 Characterization of nanoparticles 542</p> <p>23.6.1 UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy 542</p> <p>23.6.2 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy 544</p> <p>23.6.3 Transmission electron microscopy 546</p> <p>23.6.4 Other important characterization techniques 548</p> <p>23.7 Applications of nanoaprticles 550</p> <p>23.7.1 Applications of nanoaprticles in medicine 550</p> <p>23.7.2 Applications of nanoparticles in bioremediation 554</p> <p>23.8 Conclusion 556</p> <p>References 556</p> <p>24. Mycogenic-assisted synthesis of nanoparticles and their efficient applications 569</p> <p>Noureen Ansari, Qazi Inamur Rahman, Tahmeena Khan, Azhar Khan, Riyazuddeen Khan, Javed Ahmad Wagay and Azamal Husen</p> <p>24.1 Introduction 569</p> <p>24.2 The superiority of fungi over other microbes 571</p> <p>24.3 Mechanisms of fungi-derived nanoparticles 573</p> <p>24.4 Synthesis of fungal-mediated nanoparticles 574</p> <p>24.5 Applications of nanoparticles 582</p> <p>24.5.1 Antimicrobial applications 583</p> <p>24.5.2 Environmental applications 586</p> <p>24.5.3 Agricultural applications 587</p> <p>24.5.4 Miscellaneous applications 588</p> <p>24.6 Conclusion 589</p> <p>References 589</p> <p>25. Green nanomaterials for clean environment: recent advances, challenges, and applications 597</p> <p>Sumathi Malairajan, Murugan Karuvelan, Jayshree Annamalai, Subashini Rajakannu, Ramachandran Chelliah and Deog-Hawn Oh</p> <p>25.1 Introduction 597</p> <p>25.2 Green nanoparticles and their synthesis 598</p> <p>25.2.1 Bacteria 598</p> <p>25.2.2 Actinomycetes 602</p> <p>25.2.3 Viruses 602</p> <p>25.2.4 Fungi 603</p> <p>25.2.5 Algae 603</p> <p>25.2.6 Plants 605</p> <p>25.3 Green methods in stabilization of green nanoparticles 605</p> <p>25.4 Charaterization of bio-synthesized nanoparticles 607</p> <p>25.5 Application of green nanoparticles 607</p> <p>25.5.1 Environmental 607</p> <p>25.5.2 Medicine 609</p> <p>25.5.3 Electrochemistry 609</p> <p>25.5.4 Biosensing 610</p> <p>25.6 Advantages and disadvantages of green nanoparticles 610</p> <p>25.7 Recent advances 611</p> <p>25.8 Future challenges 611</p> <p>25.9 Conclusion 612</p> <p>References 612</p> <p>26. Smart nanomaterials—environmental safety, risks, legal issues, and management 619</p> <p>Kalyan Vydiam and Sudip Mukherjee</p> <p>Abbreviations 619</p> <p>26.1 Introduction to smart nanomaterials 620</p> <p>26.1.1 Nanotechnology and nanoparticles 620</p> <p>26.1.2 Synthesis of nanomaterials 620</p> <p>26.1.3 Characterization techniques 621</p> <p>26.1.4 Types of stimuli 621</p> <p>26.2 Smart nanomaterials in human health and environmental applications 622</p> <p>26.2.1 Smart nanomaterials for human health applications 622</p> <p>26.2.2 Smart nanomaterials for environmental applications 623</p> <p>26.3 Potential risks and safety precautions 624</p> <p>26.3.1 Potential risks associated with smart nanomaterials 624</p> <p>26.3.2 Safety precautions for regulating smart nanomaterials 626</p> <p>26.4 Regulatory network and legal issues 628</p> <p>26.4.1 Present regulatory network for smart nanomaterials 628</p> <p>26.4.2 Legal issues with smart nanomaterials 630</p> <p>26.5 Conclusion 630</p> <p>Acknowledgment 631</p> <p>References 631</p> <p>Index 635</p>