Dedication<br>Marianne J. Legato<br>Foreword<br>Marek Glezerman<br>Preface<br>Marianne J. Legato<br>Section A<br>1. Is there a role for Natural Selection in Sex Differences?<br>Adriana Maggi<br>2. Battle of the Sexes: How the Selection of Spermatozoa in the Female Reproductive Tract Manipulates the Sex Ratio of Offspring<br>Alireza Fazeli, William Vincent Holt, Suranga Kodithuwakku, Kasun Godakumara and Lisa M. Thurston<br>3. Gender/sex: Shaping identity in infancy and early childhood <br>Anne Sterling and Jihyun Sung<br>4. A gendered brain perspective from structure to brain network interactions<br>Carme Uribe, Leire Zubiaurre-Elorza and Antonio Guillamon<br>5. Third Edition: Sex-specific implications of adverse intrauterine environment. Writing with Antonia Hufnagel.<br>Catherine Aiken and Antonia Hufnagel<br>6. Sex-Specific Brain Transcriptome of the Mouse<br>Diethard Tautz and Maryam Keshavarz<br>7. Using the exposome to understand the role of the environment in gender- and sex-specific medicine<br>Gary W. Miller, Faith Anderson, Meghan Bucher, Yunjia Lai and Jocelyn Dicent<br>8. Regulation of Gene Expression in the Brain by Sex Hormones<br>Jessica Tollkuhn and Simón(e) Sun<br>9. Sex-specific disparities in mitochondrial function and its role in health and disease<br>Keshav K. Singh and Suresh Mishra<br>10. Sex Differences in Fetal Programming<br>Marek Glezerman<br>11. Sex Differences in the Brain: Focus on Developmental Mechanisms<br>Margaret M. McCarthy<br>12. Genes, Environments and Epigenetic Modifications<br>Marla B. Sokolowski, Sydney Gram and Dustin J. Sokolowski<br>13. Epigenetics: Mechanisms, Theory and Social Implications<br>Maurizio Meloni<br>14. Adipose-derived Stem Cells<br>Satoshi Sobajima, Yoshitomo Saita, Hideki Iwaguro, Ryosuke Kuroda and Masanori Tsubosaka<br>15. Role of Sex Chromosomes in Human Disease<br>Neil Bradbury<br>16. Best-laid plans: The establishment of biological sex, and its susceptibility to disruption<br>Peter Koopman<br>17. CRISPR Technology and Its Role in Treating Rare Imprinting Diseases<br>Radislav Sedláček, Petr Nickl and Linn Amanda Syding<br>18. Perinatal Genome and Brain Functions: The Case of Genomic Imprinting<br>Valter Tucci, Angelo Serani and Alice Melloni<br>19. Microbiome: Impact of Gender on Function & Characteristics of Gut Microbiome<br>Veena Taneja<br>Section B<br>20. Geoepidemiology and the Impact of Sex on Autoimmune Diseases<br>Ana Lleo<br>21. Molecular Mechanisms of Sex Differences in Epilepsy<br>Samba Reddy<br>22. Consideration of biological sex in stem cell therapies<br>Dan Gazit, Gadi Pelled, Zulma Gazit and Zoe Krut<br>23. Sex and Human Brain Structure and Function: Moving Beyond the Binary<br>Daphna Joel<br>24. Genomic and Epigenomic Signature at the branch-point among Genome, Phenome and Sexome in health and disease: A Multi-Omics approach<br>Donato Gemmati and Veronica Tisato<br>25. The Importance of Gender-Specific Medicine in the Pharmaceutical Industry, Clinical Practice, and Global Health Care<br>Ibis Sanchez-Serrano<br>26. The neurobiology of gender identity and gender dysphoria<br>ivanka SAVIC<br>27. Biological Sex in the times of Precision Nutrition<br>Jose M. Ordovas and D Corella<br>28. The invaluable contribution of animal models in understanding sex-dependent differences in neuropsychiatric disorders<br>Liana Fattore<br>29. Sexual Dimorphism in Molecular Biology of Cancer<br>Mehmet Tevfik Dorak<br>30. The Importance of Expeditionary Fitness in Optimizing the Human Commercial Spaceflight Experience<br>Michael A. Schmidt<br>31. Brain morphological changes associated with sexual orientation<br>Mikhail Votinov and Andrei A. Puiu<br>32. Current options for the measurement and operationalization of sex and gender<br>Sabine Oertelt-Prigione<br>33. Precision Medicine:: Overview and Challenges to Clinical Implementation<br>Susanne Haga<br>Section C<br>34. Assessment of fall risks in older females and males using an automated smartphone mobility suite<br>Emil Jovanov<br>35. Impact of Statin Therapy on Sex Hormones<br>Amirhossein Sahebkar, Željko Reiner, Hossein Chiti, Negin Parsamanesh and Tannaz Jamialahmadi<br>36. The Role of Gender in Exercise Physiology and Metabolism<br>Andreas M. Fritzen, Anne-Marie Lundsgaard and Bente Kiens<br>37. Cerebral effects of gender affirming hormone treatments in transgender persons<br>Leire Zubiaurre-Elorza, Antonio Guillamon and Carme Uribe<br>38. Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare<br>Arthur Argenson and Virginia Devi-Chou<br>39. Trauma and Gender in Primary Care<br>Dorte Mølgaard Christiansen<br>40. Fertility Treatment and Preservation in Transgender Men and Women<br>Dov Feldberg<br>41. Sexual dimorphism of the pathophysiology and treatment of atrial fibrillation<br>Elaine Y. Wan, Ellie Coromilas, Stephanie Kochav and Jessica Hennessey<br>42. Reductionistic and Holistic Research Approaches: Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic<br>Ferric Fang and Arturo Casadevall<br>43. Sex and Gender Differences in Sleep Disorders: An Overview<br>Fidaa Shaib and Hrayr Attarian<br>44. Estrogen: Impact on Cardiomyocytes and the Heart<br>Jin Kyung Kim<br>45. Beyond Sex and Gender Differences: The Case for Women’s Health Research<br>Liisa Galea<br>46. Dimorphic or bimodal? Measurement and Meaning of Sex/Gender from Bench to Bedside<br>Reubs J. Walsh<br>47. Person Centred Cancer Genetic Counselling for Transgender and Gender Diverse Patients<br>Josephine Giblin<br>48. Musculoskeletal Complaints in Male and Female Instrumental Musicians<br>Rob G.H.H Nelissen and Laura Madelinde Kok<br>49. Sex, Gender, and Pain<br>Roger Fillingim<br>50. Urothelial Cancer: Bladder and Upper Tract<br>S. F. Shariat, Reza Sari Motlagh, Fajkovic Harun and Manuela Schmidinger<br>51. Beyond the mask: the role of camouflaging in managing an autistic identity for girls and women <br>Jan Burns and Siobhan Tierney<br>52. Vulnerable Males and Strong Females: Gender Differences in Susceptibilty to Stress Factors during Prenatal Development from the Viewpoint of Life History Theory<br>Sylvia Kirchengast<br>53. Robots and Gender<br>Tatsuya Nomura<br>54. Sex Specificity in Neonatal Outcomes<br>Vineet Bhandari and Vishwanath Bhat<br>55. Human Male and Female Phenotypes Depend on Lifestyles (Smoking and Hormonal Contraceptives): Implications for Prevention and Care<br>Ilaria Campesi and Flavia Franconi<br>