Cellular Physiology and Neurophysiology

<p>SECTION I, Fundamental Physicochemical Concepts</p> <p>CHAPTER 1, INTRODUCTION: HOMEOSTASIS AND CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY</p> <p>Homeostasis Enables the Body to Survive in Diverse Environments</p> <p>The Body Is an Ensemble of Functionally and Spatially Distinct Compartments</p> <p>Transport Processes Are Essential to Physiological Function</p> <p>Cellular Physiology Focuses on Membrane-Mediated Processes and on Muscle Function</p> <p>Summary</p> <p>Key Words and Concepts</p> <p>CHAPTER 2, DIFFUSION AND PERMEABILITY</p> <p>Diffusion Is the Migration of Molecules down a Concentration Gradient</p> <p>Fick’s First Law of Diffusion Summarizes our Intuitive Understanding of Diffusion</p> <p>Essential Aspects of Diffusion Are Revealed by Quantitative Examination of Random, Microscopic Movements of Molecules</p> <p>Fick’s First Law Can Be Used to Describe Diffusion across a Membrane Barrier</p> <p>Summary</p> <p>Key Words and Concepts</p> <p>Study Problems</p> <p>CHAPTER 3, OSMOTIC PRESSURE AND WATER MOVEMENT </p> <p>Osmosis Is the Transport of Solvent Driven by a Difference in Solute Concentration Across a Membrane That Is Impermeable to Solute</p> <p>Water Transport during Osmosis Leads to Changes in Volume</p> <p>Osmotic Pressure Drives the Net Transport of Water during Osmosis</p> <p>Osmotic Pressure and Hydrostatic Pressure Are Functionally Equivalent in Their Ability to Drive Water Movement Through a Membrane</p> <p>Only Impermeant Solutes Can Have Permanent Osmotic Effects</p> <p>Summary</p> <p>Key Words and Concepts</p> <p>Study Problems</p> <p>CHAPTER 4, ELECTRICAL CONSEQUENCES OF IONIC GRADIENTS </p> <p>Ions Are Typically Present at Different Concentrations on Opposite Sides of a Biomembrane</p> <p>Selective Ionic Permeability Through Membranes Has Electrical Consequences: The Nernst Equation</p> <p>The Stable Resting Membrane Potential in a Living Cell Is Established by Balancing Multiple Ionic Fluxes</p> <p>The Cell Can Change Its Membrane Potential by Selectively Changing Membrane Permeability to Certain Ions</p> <p>The Donnan Effect Is an Osmotic Threat to Living Cells</p> <p>Summary</p> <p>Key Words and Concepts</p> <p>Study Problems</p> <p>SECTION II, Ion Channels and Excitable Membranes</p> <p>CHAPTER 5, ION CHANNELS </p> <p>Ion Channels Are Critical Determinants of the Electrical Behavior of Membranes</p> <p>Distinct Types of Ion Channels Have Several Common Properties</p> <p>Ion Channels Share Structural Similarities and Can Be Grouped into Gene Families</p> <p>Summary</p> <p>Key Words and Concepts</p> <p>Study Problems</p> <p>CHAPTER 6, PASSIVE ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF MEMBRANES </p> <p>The Time Course and Spread of Membrane Potential Changes Are Predicted by the Passive Electrical Properties of the Membrane</p> <p>The Equivalent Circuit of a Membrane Has a Resistor in Parallel with a Capacitor</p> <p>Passive Membrane Properties Produce Linear Current-Voltage Relationships</p> <p>Membrane Capacitance Affects the Time Course of Voltage Changes</p> <p>Membrane and Axoplasmic Resistances Affect the Passive Spread of Subthreshold Electrical Signals</p> <p>Summary</p> <p>Key Words and Concepts</p> <p>Study Problems</p> <p>CHAPTER 7, GENERATION AND PROPAGATION OF THE ACTION POTENTIAL </p> <p>The Action Potential Is a Rapid and Transient Depolarization of the Membrane Potential in Electrically Excitable Cells</p> <p>Ion Channel Function Is Studied with a Voltage Clamp</p> <p>Individual Ion Channels Have Two Conductance Levels</p> <p>Na<SUP>＋</SUP> Channels Inactivate during Maintained Depolarization</p> <p>Action Potentials Are Generated by Voltage-Gated Na<SUP>＋</SUP> and K<SUP>＋</SUP> Channels</p> <p>Action Potential Propagation Occurs as a Result of Local Circuit Currents</p> <p>Summary</p> <p>Key Words and Concepts</p> <p>Study Problems</p> <p>CHAPTER 8, ION CHANNEL DIVERSITY </p> <p>Various Types of Ion Channels Help to Regulate Cellular Processes</p> <p>Voltage-Gated Ca<SUP>2＋</SUP> Channels Contribute to Electrical Activity and Mediate Ca<SUP>2＋</SUP> Entry into Cells</p> <p>Many Members of the Transient Receptor Potential Superfamily of Channels Mediate Ca<SUP>2＋</SUP> Entry</p> <p>K<SUP>＋</SUP>-Selective Channels Are the Most Diverse Type of Channel</p> <p>Ion Channel Activity Can Be Regulated by Second-Messenger Pathways</p> <p>Summary</p> <p>Key Words and Concepts</p> <p>Study Problems</p> <p>SECTION III, Solute Transport</p> <p>CHAPTER 9, ELECTROCHEMICAL POTENTIAL ENERGY AND TRANSPORT PROCESSES </p> <p>Electrochemical Potential Energy Drives All Transport Processes</p> <p>Summary</p> <p>Key Words and Concepts</p> <p>Study Problems</p> <p>CHAPTER 10, PASSIVE SOLUTE TRANSPORT </p> <p>Diffusion across Biological Membranes Is Limited by Lipid Solubility</p> <p>Channel, Carrier, and Pump Proteins Mediate Transport across Biological Membranes</p> <p>Carriers Are Integral Membrane Proteins That Open to Only One Side of the Membrane at a Time</p> <p>Coupling the Transport of One Solute to the "Downhill" Transport of Another Solute Enables Carriers to Move the Cotransported or Countertransported Solute "Uphill" against an Electrochemical Gradient</p> <p>Net Transport of Some Solutes across Epithelia Is Effected by Coupling Two Transport Processes in Series</p> <p>Na<SUP>＋</SUP> Is Exchanged for Solutes Such as Ca<SUP>2＋</SUP> and H<SUP>＋</SUP> by Countertransport Mechanisms </p> <p>Multiple Transport Systems Can Be Functionally Coupled</p> <p>Summary</p> <p>Key Words and Concepts</p> <p>Study Problems</p> <p>CHAPTER 11, ACTIVE TRANSPORT </p> <p>Primary Active Transport Converts the Chemical Energy from ATP into Electrochemical Potential Energy Stored in Solute Gradients</p> <p>The Plasma Membrane Na<SUP>＋</SUP> Pump (Na<SUP>＋</SUP>, K<SUP>＋</SUP>-ATPase) Maintains the Low Na<SUP>＋</SUP> and High K<SUP>＋</SUP> Concentrations in the Cytosol</p> <p>Intracellular Ca<SUP>2＋</SUP> Signaling Is Universal and Is Closely Tied to Ca<SUP>2＋</SUP> Homeostasis</p> <p>Several Other Plasma Membrane Transport ATPases Are Physiologically Important </p> <p>Net Transport across Epithelial Cells Depends on the Coupling of Apical and Basolateral Membrane Transport Systems</p> <p>Summary</p> <p>Key Words and Concepts</p> <p>Study Problems</p> <p>SECTION IV, Physiology of Synaptic Transmission</p> <p>CHAPTER 12, SYNAPTIC PHYSIOLOGY I </p> <p>The Synapse Is a Junction Between Cells That Is Specialized for Cell-Cell Signaling</p> <p>Neurons Communicate with Other Neurons and with Muscle by Releasing Neurotransmitters</p> <p>The Synaptic Vesicle Cycle Is a Precisely Choreographed Process for Delivering Neurotransmitter into the Synaptic Cleft</p> <p>Short-Term Synaptic Plasticity Is a Transient, Use-Dependent Change in the Efficacy of Synaptic Transmission</p> <p>Summary</p> <p>Key Words and Concepts</p> <p>Study Problems</p> <p>CHAPTER 13, SYNAPTIC PHYSIOLOGY II</p> <p>Chemical Synapses Afford Specificity, Variety, and Fine Tuning of Neurotransmission </p> <p>Receptors Mediate the Actions of Neurotransmitters in Postsynaptic Cells</p> <p>Acetylcholine Receptors Can Be Ionotropic or Metabotropic</p> <p>Amino Acid Neurotransmitters Mediate Many Excitatory and Inhibitory Responses in the Brain</p> <p>Neurotransmitters That Bind to Ionotropic Receptors Cause Membrane Conductance Changes</p> <p>Biogenic Amines, Purines, and Neuropeptides Are Important Classes of Transmitters with a Wide Spectrum of Actions</p> <p>Unconventional Neurotransmitters Modulate Many Complex Physiological Responses</p> <p>Long-Term Synaptic Potentiation and Depression Are Persistent Changes in the Efficacy of Synaptic Transmission Induced by Neural Activity</p> <p>Summary</p> <p>Key Words and Concepts</p> <p>Study Problems</p> <p>SECTION V, Molecular Motors and Muscle Contraction</p> <p>CHAPTER 14, MOLECULAR MOTORS AND THE MECHANISM OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION </p> <p>Molecular Motors Produce Movement by Converting Chemical Energy into Kinetic Energy</p> <p>Single Skeletal Muscle Fibers Are Composed of Many Myofibrils</p> <p>The Sarcomere Is the Basic Unit of Contraction in Skeletal Muscle</p> <p>Muscle Contraction Results from Thick and Thin Filaments Sliding Past Each Other (The "Sliding Filament" Mechanism)</p> <p>The Cross-Bridge Cycle Powers Muscle Contraction</p> <p>In Skeletal and Cardiac Muscles, Ca<SUP>2＋</SUP> Activates Contraction by Binding to the Regulatory Protein Troponin C</p> <p>The Structure and Function of Cardiac Muscle and Smooth Muscle Are Distinctly Different from Those of Skeletal Muscle</p> <p>Summary</p> <p>Key Words and Concepts</p> <p>Study Problems</p> <p>CHAPTER 15, EXCITATION-CONTRACTION COUPLING IN MUSCLE </p> <p>Skeletal Muscle Contraction Is Initiated by a Depolarization of the Surface Membrane</p> <p>Direct Mechanical Interaction Between Sarcolemmal and Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Membrane Proteins Mediates Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Skeletal Muscle</p> <p>Ca<SUP>2＋</SUP>-Induced Ca<SUP>2＋</SUP> Release Is Central to Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Cardiac MuscleSmooth Muscle Excitation-Contraction Coupling Is Fundamentally Different from That in Skeletal and Cardiac Muscles</p> <p>Summary</p> <p>Key Words and Concepts</p> <p>Study Problems</p> <p>CHAPTER 16, MECHANICS OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION </p> <p>The Total Force Generated by a Skeletal Muscle Can Be Varied</p> <p>Skeletal Muscle Mechanics Is Characterized by Two Fundamental Relationships</p> <p>There Are Three Types of Skeletal Muscle Motor Units</p> <p>The Force Generated by Cardiac Muscle Is Regulated by Mechanisms That Control Intracellular Ca<SUP>2＋</p></SUP> <p>Mechanical Properties of Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle Are Similar but Quantitatively Different</p> <p>Dynamics of Smooth Muscle Contraction Differ Markedly from Those of Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle</p> <p>The Relationships among Intracellular Ca<SUP>2＋</SUP>, Myosin Light Chain Phosphorylation, and Force in Smooth Muscles Is Complex</p> <p>Summary</p> <p>Key Words and Concepts</p> <p>Study Problems</p> <p>SEction VI Epilogue and Appendicies</p> <p>EPILOGUE</p> <p>APPENDIX A, ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS, AND NUMERICAL CONSTANTS</p> <p>Abbreviations</p> <p>Symbols</p> <p>Numerical Constants</p> <p>APPENDIX B, A MATHEMATICAL REFRESHER</p> <p>Exponents</p> <p>Logarithms</p> <p>Solving Quadratic Equations</p> <p>Differentiation and Derivatives</p> <p>Integration: The Antiderivative and the Definite Integral</p> <p>Differential Equations</p> <p>APPENDIX C, ROOT-MEAN-SQUARED DISPLACEMENT OF DIFFUSING MOLECULES</p> <p>APPENDIX D, SUMMARY OF ELEMENTARY CIRCUIT THEORY</p> <p>Cell Membranes Are Modeled with Electrical Circuits</p> <p>Definitions of Electrical Parameters</p> <p>Current Flow in Simple Circuits</p> <p>APPENDIX E, ANSWERS TO STUDY PROBLEMS</p> <p>APPENDIX F, REVIEW EXAMINATION</p> <p>Answers to Review Examination</p>