Membrane Physiology

I: The Nature of Biological Membranes.- 1: The Anatomy of Biological Interfaces.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Models of Membrane Structure.- 3. Membrane Junctions.- 4. Certain Specialized Membranes.- 5. Lipid-Protein Interactions in Model Membranes.- 6. Membrane Fluidity.- 7. Mechanisms of Protein-Lipid Interactions.- 8. Mueller-Rudin Bilayer Membranes.- 9. Freeze-Fracture-Etch Studies of Membranes.- 10. Summary.- References.- 2: Composition and Dynamics of Lipids in Biomembranes.- 1. Molecular Organization of Lipids in Biomembranes.- 2. Lipid Composition of Mammalian Cell Membranes.- 3. Molecular Structure of Membrane Lipids.- 4. Molecular Motions in Bilayers.- 5. Interactions between Lipids in Bilayers.- 6. Summary.- References.- 3: Membrane Proteins: Structure, Arrangement, and Disposition in the Membrane.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Protein Composition of Membranes.- 3. Types of Membrane Proteins.- 4. Extrinsic Proteins.- 5. Intrinsic Proteins.- 6. Types of Intrinsic Membrane Proteins.- 7. The Structure of the Intramembrane Portion.- 8. Disposition of Proteins in the Membrane.- 9. Summary.- References.- II: Methods for Studying Membranes.- 4: The Nature and Limitations of Electron Microscopic Methods in Biology.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Conventional Transmission Electron Microscope.- 3. Specimen Preparation.- 4. Embedding.- 5. Sectioning.- 6. Positive Staining.- 7. Negative Staining.- 8. Low-Dose Electron Microscopy.- 9. The Freeze-Fracture-Etch (FFE) Technique.- 10. Summary.- References.- 5: Isolation and Characterization of Biological Membranes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods for Dissociating and Separating Cells.- 3. Isolation of Plasma Membranes.- 4. Assessment of Purification.- 5. Expression of Data.- 6. Functional Properties of Plasma Membranes.- 7. Pathological Considerations.- 8. Summary.- References.- 6: Absorption and Optical Rotation Spectra of Biological Membranes: Distortions and Their Corrections.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Distortions and Corrections for Suspensions.- 3. Purple Membrane as a Sample Calculation.- 4. Summary.- References.- 7: Mathematical Models of Membrane Transport Processes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Diffusion.- 3. Osmosis.- 4. Ionic Diffusion.- 5. Facilitated Diffusion.- 6. Single-File Diffusion.- 7. Summary.- References.- 8: Application of Tracers to the Study of Membrane Transport Processes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Tracers and Problems in the Use of Tracers.- 3. Isotope Effects.- 4. Rate Processes.- 5. Compartmental Systems and Compartmental Analysis.- 6. Theoretical Foundations for the Use of Tracers to Measure Rates.- 7. Applications to the Study of Membrane Transports.- 8. Summary.- References.- 9: Principles of Electrical Methods for Studying Membrane Movements of Ions.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Steady-State Characteristics of Biological Membranes.- 3. Non-Steady-State Electrical Properties of Membranes.- 4. Fluctuation Analysis of Electrical Properties of Membranes.- 5. Single-Channel Studies.- 6. Summary.- 7. Appendix.- References.- 10: The Study of Transport and Enzymatic Processes in Reconstituted Biological Systems.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Energy-Linked Processes.- 3. Receptors and Channels.- 4. Passive Transport System.- 5. Summary.- References.- III: General Problems in Membrane Biology.- 11: Principles of Water and Nonelectrolyte Transport across Membranes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Diffusion as a Permeation Mechanism.- 3. Activation Energy for Diffusion: Measurement and Significance.- 4. Convection.- 5. Osmosis.- 6. Water and Nonelectrolyte Membrane Permeation Mechanisms.- 7. Summary.- References.- 12: Anion Transport in Erythrocytes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Modes of Anion Transport.- 3. Anion Exchange in Human Erythrocytes.- 4. Net Anion Transport in Red Blood Cells.- 5. Cation-Coupled Anion Transport.- 6. Anion Transport in Other Single Cells.- 7. Relationship of Red Cell Anion Transport to Other Transport Systems.- 8. Summary.- References.- 13: Active Transport of Na+ and K+ by Red Blood Cells.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Intracellular Solutes and Water.- 3. Donnan and “Double Donnan” Equilibrium.- 4. Membrane Potential.- 5. Active Transport.- 6. Properties of the Na+, K+ Pump.- 7. Transport Modes of the Na+,K+ Pump.- 8. Ion Selectivity of the Na+,K + Pump.- 9. Ouabain and the Na+,K+ Pump.- 10. Molecular Mechanism of the Na+,K+ Pump.- References.- 14: Weak Electrolyte Transport across Biological Membranes: General Principles.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Weak Electrolyte Diffusion.- 3. Complex Mechanisms.- 4. Summary.- References.- 15: Ion Permeation in Cell Membranes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. How Ion Permeation Is Studied.- 3. Deviations from Independence.- 4. Gramicidin.- 5. Acetylcholine Receptor Channel.- 6. Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel.- 7. Potassium Channels.- 8. Calcium Channels.- 9. Summary.- References.- 16: Processing and Sorting of Proteins Synthesized in the Endoplasmic Reticulum.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cotranslational Processing of Proteins.- 3. Posttranslational Processing of Proteins.- 4. Regulation of Protein Sorting and Membrane Interactions.- Summary.- References.- 17: Ion-Coupled Transport of Organic Solutes across Biological Membranes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Sodium-Coupled Sugar and Amino Acid Transport by Small Intestine and Renal Proximal Tubule.- 3. Proton-Coupled Galactoside Transport by E. coli.- 4. Toward a Mechanicokinetic Model of Ion-Coupled Nonelectroly te Transport.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- 18: Bioenergetics of Membrane Transport Processes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Control of Mitochondrial Respiration.- 3. Thermogenesis.- 4. Respiration and Active Plasma Membrane Transport in Intact Cells.- 5. Summary.- References.- 19: Regulation of Cellular Volume.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Perspective.- 3. The Gibbs-Donnan Equilibrium.- 4. The “Double Donnan” Hypothesis and Cellular Volume Regulation.- 5. Estimates of Cellular Colloid Osmotic Pressure.- 6. The Specificity of Cellular Sodium Chloride in Cellular Volume Regulation.- 7. Consequences of Metabolic Inhibition.- 8. Plasma Membrane Permeability and Cellular Volume.- 9. Regulation of Cellular Volume in Media Containing Cardiac Glycosides.- 10. Cellular Volume Regulation by Means Other Than the Cardiac Glycoside Sensitive Na+, K+ -ATPase.- 11. The Regulation of Volume in Cells Exposed to Anisosmotic Media.- 12. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 20: Cell-to-Cell Communication: Permeability, Regulation, Formation, and Functions of the Cell-Cell Membrane Channel in Cell Junctions.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Cell-to-Cell Membrane Channel.- 3. Regulation of the Cell-to-Cell Channel.- 4. Channel Formation.- 5. Physiological Roles of the Cell-to-Cell Channels.- References.- 21: Genes and Membranes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Genetic Methods.- 3. Criteria for Establishing That Differences in Membrane Properties are Genetically Determined.- 4. Information That Can Be Gained from Biochemical and Physiological Studies on Transport Mutants and from Cloning Studies.- 5. Information That Can Be Gained from Genetic Analysis.- 6. Summary.- References.- 22: The Interaction of Hormones with Biological Membranes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Hormone Interaction with Receptor.- 3. Subunit Composition of Membrane Receptors.- 4. Transduction of Response to Interaction of Hormone and Receptor.- 5. Fate of Hormone-Receptor Complex.- 6. Down-Regulation of Surface Membrane Content of Receptors.- 7. Interactions between Receptors for Different Hormones.- 8. Summary.- References.- 23: Modification of Membrane Function by Drugs.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Drugs Affecting Transport Mechanisms of the Plasma Membrane.- 3. Drugs Affecting Excitation Phenomena.- 4. Drugs Affecting Coupling Mechanisms of Membranes.- 5. Summary.- References.